Motivation and Emotion

Arousal Theory

We don’t always seek to be need free, we seek stimulation, we want arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

There is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task

• easy tasks = high

• tough tasks = low

• best performance is medium arousal

Incentive theory of motivaiton

External goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior, and external stimuli pull someone to act

Expectancy Theory

Motivated by expectancy of positive outcomes

We think something will lead to the production of something else

Affiliation and Achievement Motivation

Affiliation motive = Need for social bonds, and wants to devote more time to interpersonal activities

Achievement motive = Need to excel, works harder and delays gratification

Brain regulation and Hunger

The nueral circuts that regulate hunger are massively and reciprocally interconnected

Digestive and Horomonal regulations relation to hunger

• A variety of horomones contribute to the regulation of hunger

• CCK delivers signals to brain, reducing hunger

• Leptin contributes to the long-term regulation of hunger

Enviornmental Factors relating to hunger regulaiton

• Exposure to food cues

• Quantity of food availible

• Learned associations formed through classical conditioning

  • Food preferences are a matter of exposure, preference for familiar food

Parental investment theory

• Basic differences between males and females in parental investment have great adaptive significance and lead to gender differences in mating preferences

Affective forecasting

Predict ones emotional reactions to future events

Neural Circuts and arousal

Hypothalamus, amydala, and adjacent structure in the limbic system are the seat of emotions in the brain

Facial feedback hypothesis

Facial muscles send signals to the brain, which recognize the emotion that one is experiencing

Display rules

Cultural norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions

James Lange theory

• Conscious experience of emotion results from arousal

• People distinguish emotions on the bases of the exact configuration of physical reactions they experience

Cannon-Bard Theory

• Arousal can occur without the experience of emotion

• Emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals to the cortex

Schachters two factor theory

• Experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal

• Emotion is inferred from arousal

Hedonic adaption

This occurs when the mental scale that people use to judge pleasntess or their experience shifts so that their baseline of comparison changes

Enviornmental factors and prenatal development

• Nutrition

• Stress

• Drug Use

• Fetal alc syndrome

• Maternal illness

• Enviornmental toxins

• Fetal origins of adult disease

Developmental norms

Age when individuals display various behaviors and abilities

Secure attachment individuals

• Play and explore with mother present

• Become upset when they leave

• Quickly calmed by their return

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

• Anxious even when mother are near

• Protest when they leave

• Not comforted when they return

Avoidant Attachment

• Seek little contact with their mothers

• Often when they are not distress when they leave

Jean Piaget

• there is a balence between you and the enviornement

• Intellegence reflects the ability to adapt

Jean Pidget - Sensorimotor Stage (0-2) Years

• Physical mastery of the world

• Object Permanence

• Means end thinking

• Imitation

Jean Pidget - Preoperational (2-6 years)

• Symbolic representation

• Literal thinking

• Egocentrism

• Fantasy

• Cannot conserve operations

Cognitive development

Transitions in the youngsters patten of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving

Pidget Concrete Operations (6-12 years)

• Conservation of mass and volume

• Reversibility

• Concrete thinking

• Lose fantasy, gain perspective and logic

Pidget - Formal Operations (12+)

• Abstaction ability

• Understands proverbs, inferences

• Hypothetical thinking

• Complex planning and moral values

Criticism of Piaget

• Underestimated children

• Methods relied too much on language

Kohlbergs development of moral reasoning

• Attenmpts to explain how younger children develop their understanding of morality through distinct stages that reflect their reasoning about right and wrong.

Kohlberg Stage 1

• Punishment orientation, right and wrong is determined by what is punished

Kohlberg Stage 2

• Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded

Kohllberg Stage 3

Right and wrong is determined by close others approval or disapproval

Kohlberg Stage 4

• Right and wrong is determined by societies rules and laws

Kohlberg stage 5

• Right and wrong is determined by societies rules, but are not as strict

Kohlberg stage 6

• Right and wrong is determined by internal ethical principles, valuing justice and human rights.

What is the last spot of the brain that fully matures?

• The prefrontal cotex

Eriksons stage theory

Each of the eight stages brings a psychosocial crisis involving transitions in important social relationships

Erikson stage theory

Each of the eight stages brings a crisis involving transitions in important social relationships

Eriksons stage theory stage one

Is my world predictable and supportive?

Eriksons stage theory stage 2

Can I do things myself or must I rely on others?

Eriksons theory stage 3

Am I good or bad?

Eriksons theory stage 4

Am I competent or worthless?

Eriksons theory stage 5

Who am I and where am I going?

Eriksons theory stage 6

Shall I share my life with another or live alone?

Erikson theory stage 7

Will I produce something of real value

Erikson theory stage 8

Have I lived a full life?

Gender Roles

Reinforcing gender appropriate behavior and responding negative to gender inappropriate behavior