AP World History Unit 1 Review

Review for Unit 1 Quiz

Describe Feudalism in Europe during 1200-1450

Decentralized organization based on a system of different exchanges. This organization provided security, land for others, and equipment for others.

Describe some of the exchanges for feudalism between others

Monarchs granted land (fiefs) to lord for them to become vassals, lords granted land to knights for protection, and granted land to peasants for farming

Define the Code of Chivalry

The code was an unwritten set of rules for conduct that mainly focused on honor of oneself or others. This code was also used to solve various disputes

Describe the Manorial System

This system provided economic sufficiency and defence

Define Serfs

They were unenslaved peasants tied to the land of their lords; this meant they couldn’t leave or marry without the permission of their lord. They also had to pay in tribute

Three-field system

This was a new farming method developed in the Middle Ages. One field was planted with crops, one was planted with legumes, and one was left unused. The fields rotated which was what every year.

France during the Middle Ages

They developed the 1st real bureaucracy. They also developed Estates-Generals

What were estates-generals?

They were bodies to advise the king that had representatives from 3 legal classes; being the clergy, nobility, and commoners. They also didn’t expect regular taxes from the nobility and clergy

Holy Roman Empire during Middle Ages

Otto 1 was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962. But during the 30 years war, the Holy Roman Empire started to be destroyed

What was the lay investiture controversy?

It was an argument of if a secular (worldly) leader or a pope could invest bishops. This was then resolved in the Concordat of Worms in 1122

Norman England during Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, the Norman King in 1066 known as King William, invaded England. Years later, in 1215, after resentment with succeeding monarchs, King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta. In 1265, the 1st English parliament was formed and the house of Lords represented nobles in church hierarchy.

What was the 100 Years’ War?

It was a war between France and England that lasted from 1337-1453. By the end of it, a sense of unity among soldiers was formed and the spreading use of gunpowder weapons was demonstrated.

What was the reconquista?

The reconquista; “to reconquer”, was an effort made by Christians to reconquer Spain from the rule of the Muslims. And in 1492, Christians had succeeded.

What was the Great Schism?

This was a split in the Christian church into the Roman Catholic and the Greek Orthodox churches. Between the two, Roman Catholic was the strongest institution in Europe

Education and Art in the church

The churches established the 1st universities in Europe and many writers, thinkers, and philosophers became religious leaders. Artists usually ended up working for the church and focused on religious themes

Church + the state

The church held great power and the Roman Catholic Church held extensive hierarchy of leaders called bishops

What was Monasticism?

This was where monasteries had economic functions that were similar to the agriculture and protection as other manors

Reform in the church

Due to weather and growth in political power, corruption had started to form. As a result, reformers were driven to take stands against the church.

What shaped the crusades?

Social trends such as military campaigns, economic trends like merchants wanting unfettered trade routes, and politics such as tensions between popes and kings.

Describe the 1st Crusade

This crusade was a clear victory for Christendom. In July of 1099, Jerusalem was conquered. But in 1187, the Muslims regained control of Jerusalem.

Describe the 4th crusade

This was the last major crusade. This crusade never made it to the Holy Land. This was due to Venetians that persuaded crusaders to attack Zara and Constantinople.

Marco Polo

An Italian native from Venice. He had described customs of people he met in Asia. And due to his discoveries, interest in cartography and Asia grew

What happened to Urban Growth during the Middle Ages in Europe?

Agricultural surplus led to the initial growth of towns. But due to the Bubonic plague, it spreaded and killed 1/3 of the overall population, slowing growth. And the Little Ice Age also tampered with urban growth a little

What happened with Jews during the Middle Age?

While many of them lived in Muslim areas, some ended up moving North into Europe and were welcomed. Many became moneylenders. But Anti Semitism spread among Christians. They thought of Jews as outsiders and untrustworthy and were then expelled from England in 1290, France in 1394, Spain in 1492, and Portugal all before 1497

Muslims during the Middle Ages

Non-converting Muslims were expelled from Spain in 1492. But after, more trade and ideas had opened up for them

Define the Renaissance

This was a period expansion of trade, agriculture, and the arts in Europe. This was also the revival of Greek and Roman art and culture. Multiple writings were either translated or uncovered, and humanism was developed.

What is humanism?

The focus on individuals rather than religion and people sought to educate and reform.

Women during the Middle Ages

Usually, fewer women than men had gotten education. But despite this, they had more opportunities in religious orders

What were the origins of Russia?

Extensive trade had connected many in Central Asia. And as nobles grew in power and became wealthier, they started to resist the Mongols. After this, the start of Russia was officially marked

Describe the Status of the Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty Continued it technological and cultural progresses throughout the years

Describe the Status of the Abbasids

They were fragmented by invaders and various trade shifts

Describe the Status of Mali

Mali created a bigger and more administered empire than what Ghana was

Describe the status of the Incas and Aztecs

While the Aztecs formed a tributary empire, the Incas used mit’a system for state building

Describe the status of Japan

Japan ended up becoming more decentralized and feudal

Describe how religion helped state building in China/East Asia

Confucian beliefs were closely tied to civil service, Neo-Confucianism spread to areas such as Korea and Japan, and Hinduism/Buddhism were relied on in Asia for strengthening states

How did religion help state building in Europe?

The church became part of the state building process just before it started to become a rival power

Describe the diffusion of religion

Religions such as Christianity, Islam, and BUddhism wanted to convert more non-believers, missionary activity was a part of the decline in local religions, and trade networks helped spread religion.

What were some results of trade?

Innovations in crops helped to feed many people, the citizenry of urban areas increased, and the Song Dynasty then became the strongest state

Define some results of paper making

Literacy rates in places like Europe increased, focus on intellectual thought increased, and landmarks such as the House of Wisdom were built.

What were some impacts of the Mongols?

Trade was expanded to Eurasia and cross-cultural connection activity had increased

What were some impacts of Turkish peoples?

They ended up developing separate empires and their overall dominance over areas had increased

Describe Mississippian Gov. And Society

Had a rigid class structure compacted of chiefs, priests and nobles, lower class farmers, merchants, artisans, etc, and enslaved people. Also had a Matrilineal society where social standing determined buy women's side of family

Describe the Mississippian decline

Cahokia abandoned around 1450 by either floods or diseases from Europe

Chaco

Built large housing structures from stone + clay

Mesa Verde

Built multi-story homes in cliffsides from sandstone bricks

Describe the Mayan City-state Government

City-states rules by a king and had city + surrounding area, kings claimed to be descendants of God, no centralized government, and city-states had no standing armies

Describe Mayan religion, tech, and science

Ceremonies for gods were held, religion and science were linked through astronomy, rubber made out of liquid, complex writing system developed, and concept of 0 was developed and put into # system

Aztecs

Originally hunter-gatherers from Central Mexico

Describe the capital of the Aztecs (Tenochtitlan)

Founded in 1325 on an island, this city was one of the largest ever built. They built aqueducts and there were “floating gardens”

Describe the government, economy, and society of the Aztecs

Tribute system was developed where conquered forced to pay tribute, provinces were gathered up, developed a theocracy (government based on religion)

Religion

Central to Aztec society and they believed gods sacrificed themselves to create the world. In turn, blood and human sacrifice was common

Role of women

Wove valuable cloth and some knew how to read and write

Decline of Aztecs

They had lower level technology, too many sacrifices, and resentment against Aztecs started and rebellions started when Spaniards arrived

Describe Incan Government, society, and economy

The conquered leaders that were loyal were rewarded, people didn't need to pay tribute, instead, there was public service

Incan Religion

Royal Ancestor Veneration was a practice to extend a leader's rule, priests were consulted before actions, and human sacrifice did occur during serious events

What does Incan mean?

It means “People of the Sun”

Define Animism

The belief that the elements of the physical world have powers

Describe some achievements of Incans

Terrace systems for farming were made, Capra Nan; a massive roadway system, was built, and more

Define Quipu

A system of strings to record numerical information for trade and engineering and recording messages

Decline on Incas

Their army was weak before the Spaniards, they were conquered by Spaniards, and European diseases arrived

Which was more stable, North or South India?

Southern India

How long did the Chola Dynasty last?

400 yrs

How long did the Vijayana Empire last?

Mid 1300’s - mid 1500’s

What were Rajput Kingdoms?

Hindu Kingdoms led by leaders of clans

Did a centralized government rise in Northern India?

No

Islam

Monotheistic religion that believes in equality, dissaproves of visual representation of Allah, and uses the Quran

Hinduism

Polytheistic religion that has temples with deities, has a caste system, and many sacred texts rather than just 1

What happened when Islam arrived in South Asia?

While little happened, stability was given, people found their place in the cast system, and subcastes were made

What were some intellectual achievements?

Astronomy and mathematics were added to body of knowledge and Indian developments were translated to Arabic

What were some architectural achievements?

Buildings were erected that melded Hindu art + geometric patterns along with mosques

Urdu

New language developed between Muslims that combined Hindi pattern and Arabic vocab

Bhakti Movement

Originated in Southern India that focused on a strong attachment to a diety; didn't discriminate against others

Bhaki’s

Similar to Sufi Muslims while being Hindu

Srivijaya Empire

Sea-Based Kingdom that was primarily Buddhist that built up its Navy and was a religious center

Majapahit Kingdom

Sea-Based Kingdom that was primarily Hindu, controlled sea routes, and based on Java with 98 tributaries

Sinhala Dynasties

Land-Based kingdom that deeply embedded Buddhism and was weakened by invaders

Khmer Empire

Land-Based kingdom near the Mekong River that had economic prosperity, didn't depend of maritime power and was originally Hindu but became Buddhist

Where was Islam more popular in?

Urban Areas

What did Sufis do?

Missionary work

What did bureaucracy do for China?

It was a partial reason for China's strength

How long has bureaucracy been a feature for?

Since the Qin Dynasty (221 B.C.E - 207 B.C.E)

Meritocracy

China's bureaucratic system

What did meritocracy allow for?

More upward movement in social classes

What happened to the poor in meritocracy?

They were underrepresented

What caused the Song dynasty’s weakness?

Meritocracy

What were civil service exams?

A set of exams given to receive certain jobs

What were civil service exams based on?

Confucian texts

What did Civil service exams allow for?

Opportunities to young lower class men

Grand Canal

Inexpensive + efficient waterway

Champa Rice

Fast ripening + drought resistant rice; originated in Champa Kingdom

What did Champa Rice allow for?

It allowed for other areas to grow crops that couldn't before

What did Champa Rice lead to in China?

An abundance of food and population growth

Coal

Used for cast iron goods

Proto-Industrialization

Set of economic changes where rural areas made more than they could sell

Artisans

Produced steel, porcelain, and silk

Why was porcelain highly desirable?

Light colored, light but strong, and it blended in with designs

Taxes

Promoted economic growth

Tributes

Arrangement when States had to provide goods/money to honor the emperor; cemented China's power over several countries

What did tributes create?

Stability + stimulated trade

Kowtow

Ritual where anyone that met the emperor must bow their head ‘til it reached the floor