Anatomy and Physiology II Exam II

arteries

__ carry blood away from the heart to tissues

oxygenated blood

Arteries usually carry __ __

Veins

__ carry blood toward the heart to tissues

Deoxygenated Blood

Veins usually carry __ __

pulmonary and fetal

Arteries usually carry oxygenated blood, and veins usually carry deoxygenated blood, except for __

capillaries

gas exchange

Tunica externa, media, and intima

Arterial walls superficial to deep

Tunica externa

outer layer; elastic and collagen fibers

Tunica media

middle layer; smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Tunica intima

inner layer; endothelium

atrium (atria)

the two upper chambers of the heart

ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart

right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

tricuspid valve

Blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the __ __

trabeculae carneae

raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers; in the right ventricle

interventricular septum

partition between the right and left ventricles

right ventricle

blood passes from the __ __ through the pulmonary semi-lunar valve into the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary trunk

large artery which divides into right and left pulmonary arteries that lead to the lungs

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

bicuspid valve

blood passes from left atrium to left ventricle through the __ __

left ventricle

oxygenated blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic semi-lunar valve into the ascending aorta, then out to the body tissues/cells

papillary muscles

pulls on "heart strings" or chordae tendineae

chordae tendineae

fibrous cords that connect AV valves to papillary muscles

semilunar valves

aortic and pulmonary; blood flows into aorta and pulmonary trunk; as ventricles contract, SL valves open; blood exits the ventricles

atrioventricular valves

bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid; blood flows from atria into ventricles through AV valves; as ventricles contract, cusps of valves closes; closing prevents backflow into atria

SA Node

Pacemaker; generates impulses

Purkinje fibers

stimulate the contractile cells of both ventricles; branches turn into "webs" called

P wave

atrial depolarization (contraction); tells atria to contract

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization (contraction); tells ventricles to contract; atria relaxes here

T wave

ventricular repolarization (relaxation); tells ventricles to relax; pulls blood in

S-T segment

elevated during MI (myocardial infarction, heart attack)

upper respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx

lower respiratory system

trachea. bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Conducting zone

air travels via tubes into and out of body; nose and nasal cavity to bronchioles

Respiratory zone

where gas exchange occurs; includes only structures that contain alveoli

Respiration

full breath; aka pulmonary ventilation

pulmonary gas exchange

movement of gases between lungs and blood; aka external respiration

tissue gas exchange

exchange of gases between blood and tissues; aka internal respiration

nares

nostrils

nasal conchae

scroll-shaped bony inside the nasal cavities; increases surface area

pharynx

passageway for food and air; throat; functions in speech resonance and air flow for proper sounds

nasopharynx

air only

oropharynx

food and air

hypopharynx

food and air

larynx

voice box; keeps food and liquids out of respiratory tract

epiglottis

trap door that covers larynx while swallowing; keeps you from choking

cricoid cartilage

landmark for tracheotomy (emergency airway; tube between thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage)

vestibular folds

false vocal cords; don't produce sound; close off glottis

vocal folds

true vocal cords; speaking/singing; vocal ligaments vibrate to produce sound; testosterone increases size of larynx and deepens the voice of males

trachea

windpipe; extends from larynx to T5; has C rings to hold it open

carina

where trachea divides; inhalation of food, water, powders irritate carnia and trigger cough reflex; prevents damage to remaining respiratory tract

bronchial tree

trachea divides into left and right primary bronchi to the lungs; primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi then to each lung lobe; secondary bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi and then to the bronchioles

bronchioles

smallest airways

alveolar ducts

respiratory bronchiole become __ __

alveolar sacs

alveolar ducts end in __ __, grapelike clusters of alveoli; inspired air causes as exchange to occur

alveoli

final destination for inspired air

type I alveolar cells

squamous cells; 90% of cells in alveolar wall; very thin; allows for rapid diffusion of gases across cell membranes; huge amount of surface area; increases gas exchange efficiency

type II alveolar cells

small cuboidal cells; 10% of cells in alveolar wall; synthesize surfactant; chemical that reduces surface tension on alveoli; prevents alveoli from collapsing

alveolar macrophages

mobile phagocytes; clean up debris in alveoli

surfactant

sticky fluid made of phospholipids and lipoproteins; prevents alveoli from collapsing; decreases surface tension

visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural space

inner layer; adheres lungs, outer layer; attaches to thoracic wall and diaphragm, space between the two layers which is very small as the two layers are together and it technically contains pleural fluid

pleural fluid

between layers lubricates pleural membrane; prevents friction

lung lobes, left vs right

left lung has 2, right lung has 3

pulmonary ventilation

flow of air between atmosphere and lungs; when pressure in lungs is less than atmospheric pressure we breath in; when pressure inside the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure, we breath out

average respiration

12-20 breaths/minute at rest

500mL air

one inhalation + one exhalation

Tidal Volume (TV)

one volume of breath; amount of air entering/exiting the lungs in a single resting breath

minute ventilation (MV)

total amount of air in and out of lungs in one minute

MV

12 breaths/min x 500mL = 6L/min

anatomical dead space

the volume of air inhaled that does not take part in gas exchange

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

volume of air inspired beyond normal resting inhalation

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

volume of air expelled beyond normal exhalation

vital capacity (VC)

max vol of air expired in single breath following max inhalation; TV + ERV + IRV =

Residual volume (RV)

amount of air remaining in airways after ERV expelled

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

max amount of air that can be inspired; TV + IRV =

eupnea

normal quiet breathing

dyspnea

painful or labored

hyperventilating

negative feedback loop

COPD

often due to smoking, thereby preventable; defined as persistent airway obstruction that is not fully reversible

emphysema

destruction of structures of respiratory zone and loss of alveolar surface area

Normal lung (extended response Q)

malleable texture that felt like bubble gum; movement in each lobe during inhalation

emphysema lung (extended response Q)

thicker tissue that felt like an uncooked steak; prevents lung expiration; movement only in one lobe during inhalation

lung cancer

refers to tumors arising from epithelium that lines bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

pulse

expansion and recoil of an artery after blood has been pushed through it by the heart

blood pressure

force exerted on the blood vessel walls by the blood; higher in arteries; lower in veins

internal factors that affect blood pressure

viscosity of blood; more blood; faster heart rate; contraction strength (stronger); radius of blood vessels (smaller vessels)

outside factors that affect blood pressure

stress; smoking; being overweight; obstruction; cardiovascular conditions; exercise

systolic pressure

120mm Hg

diastolic pressure

80mm Hg

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

1/3 (PP) =

Partial Pressure (PP)

systolic- diastolic

SA Node

action potentials are generated by authorhythmic cells

repolarization

the cells return back to original condition; relaxed

depolarization

contraction

P wave

atrial depolarization; time measured in seconds; height of the wave is measured in mV

P-Q interval

time it takes to travel from SV node to ventricle muscle tissue; time measured in seconds

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization; time measured in seconds; height measured in mV

Q-T interval

time pushing; entire duration of ventricular depolarization + ventricular repolarization; aka ventricular systole; time measured in seconds

P-Q segment and S-T segment

time between different electrical signals; P-Q = time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization; S-T = time between ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization

T-wave

ventricular repolarization (recovery); time measured in seconds; height measured in mV