MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Death rates and the leading causes of death in the US:

death caused by microbes

• before rates— they were leading causes of death

• now — not so much leading causes of death - other causes of death

types of microbes

prokaryotes

• bacteria

• Archaea * dont cause disease

Eukaryotes

• fungi

• protozoa

• algae * dont cause diseases

Virus type:

• * ultimate parasite

Helmtih: Parasitic worm

• *not typical microbes b/c mutlitcellur but get lumped in with them b/c u usually see them ( and they cause disease

Where can microbes be fiound

evrywoecrh — where there is water

• all cliamtes

• on mamas

microbes primary cause of body odor : T. / F

True

why do arm pits smell more than other body parts

other body parts

• skin is good at jkeeptong away a lot of microbes b/c pretty acidic

armpit:

• less good —> mroe abundant fro microbes growth

• warm environment

Hwy are microbes impt - what do they do

microbes responsible for:

• photo synthesis: produce about 50 %. of oxygen we breathe

• decommission: fungi bacteria recycle nutrient to soil

• fix nitgreon:

  • 70 % of our atmosphere is nitrogen

  • we breath nitrogen and so supply depletes

  • microbes make nitrogen grow - take into soil - make it grow in soil we eat plant and thus back into bodes

• Food.: cheese/ beer/ wine/ soy sauce

• medicine: antibiotic s—- thanks for microbes

• Digestion: extract our nutrient from compound

• sewage: help treat sewage., extract carbon , nitrogen , phosphorous

• bimremedicaiton: microbes will equator nasty chemical ( oil spills )

• protect : we use microbes to ward off others

microbes that cause disease calleed

pathogens

More virulent — to less Virulent:

lactobacilli bortodellal perutssi yersina pestis candidica albicians

more virulent

• Yersinia Pestis ( plague)

• bordetella pertussis ( whooping cough)

• Canadian albicians ( vaginitis)

• lactobacilli

less virulent

def virulent

Virulent:

• describe the severity of teh intensity fo the infectious pathogen

what are common thing that - more viueltn pathogens have

• toxins: able to produce them

• enzyme: able to produce them

• adhesion: Abel to stick better

• biofilms: Abel to form

  • makes it much harder for the immune system to target and kill them

• camouflage

• Hardy: just plain resistant to targeted attacks fro immune system

Early years of mcrobioldy - Hwo microscopes came to be

Antoni Van leeuwonjpes ( dutchO

• made simple miscode — one for each specimen

• examine water — visualize the anima *PROTOZAO

• referred to them as - BEASTIES

• end of the 19 th century— Microorganisms

how can microbes be classified?

How can microbes be classifies?

• leeuhwonik microorgansim grouped into six categories:

  • bacteria

  • Archae

  • FUngi

  • protozoa

  • Algae

  • small multcielelur animals

Why did Leeuhewneick discover protozoa before bacteria

b/c protozoa are larger than bacteria

Bacteria and Archae - Microbe overview.

Bacteria and Archaea:

• unicellular

• lack nuclei

• much smaller than eukaryotes

• found evryheter there is sufficient moisture

• reproduce asexually

• two kinds;

  • bacteria - cell walls contain peptide glycan

  • Arachne - cell walls composed of: polymers other than just peptidoglycan

Fungi: microbes overview

Fungi:

• eukaryotic = membrane bound nucleus

• obtain food from other organisms

• posses cell walls

• include types:

  • molds - multicellular / grow as long as filaments / reprdcey by sexual and asexual SPORES ( long growth with spores as tips)

  • yeasts: unicellular. /reproduce by budding or sexual spores

Protozoa - microbe overview

Protozoa:

• single celled eukaryotes

• similar to animals in nutrient need and cellular structure

• live freely in water

• some live in animal host

• most Asexual reproduction

• some Sexual reproduction

• most capable of locomotion by:

  • pseudopodia

  • cilia

  • flagella

animals cels are most similar in structure and function to who other microbe

protozoa

Pseudopodai vs flagell vs Cillia

Pseudopodia:

• false feet ( an extension of the cells cytoplasm)

• crawling like motion ( extend forward anchor surface —> pull the rest of cytoplasm behind)

Cillia:

• short hair liek projections

• covering entire surface cell

• beat in a coordinated motion ( OAR like / wave like). —> cause mgmt

Flagella:

• long whip like appaegae ( almost like a tap)

• com;ple beinding / whip like propel motion ( push cell )

How do cilia and Flagella differ

cilia short

flagell = long

algae

Algae

• unicellular/ multicelleur

• photosynthèsi —> why they dont cause disease in u bc they can exist and get energy form other thins

• simple reproductive structure

• categorized base of:

  • pigmentation

  • storage products

  • composition of cell wall

Other types of microbes: Helminth and Virsue

Helminth: parasitic worm

• multciellur

• not considered microbes

Virus:

How can the generation of microbial life possible

before they belive living things arose from threee process

• asexual reproduction

• sexual reproduction

• nonliving meatter

aristotle said no — SPONTANOUS generation

• living things arise from living matter

Redis Expirement

Redis expriment

• decaying meat isolated from flies —→ maggots never delve

• meat exposed to flies soo infest

• casted doubt to Aristotle theory —> Spontaneous GENRETAAION

so they said —-* u need something to generate new things

Pasteur Expiemenr t

Pasteur expiremt

• swan necked flask

• upright flask —→ no microbial growth

• tilted flask —→ dust from the bend in neck and made thethe stuff cloud and microbes appears

• against psonatnnousg geenretaion

*need something to make content —→ for microbes to grow

scientific method

spontnaosu generation debate led to —→ scientific method

Scientific method:

• observation leads to question

• question generate hypothesis

• hypothesis tested through exponent

• results prove / disprove hypothesis

• conclusion refeclet results

What causes fermentation ?

what causes fermentation

• spoiled wine threatened livelihood of winters

• some believe air caused fermentiaon

• others believe living organism cause feemrnationu

• Vinter —funded reaserch to prvent spolaige during fermentation

• linke to spontaneous generation debate

Pasteur - application Fermnetiaon ( exit to see what causes fermentation)

• hypothesis: spontaneous generation occurs

• experiment:

  • flask heated kill microbes / sealed —> np microbes appeared

  • second flas — remains open to air via curved neck — no microbes occur

  • jucie inoculates with bacteriaia—→ bacteria repodruc acids formed ( showed bacteria formed acid ***not fermentation though)

  • fourth flask: juice inoculated with yeast then sealed —- yeast reproduce alcohol (*YEAST ferments grape into alcohol)

what causes disease

Cause of daises:

• Pasteur —> developed germ theory of disease

• Robert Koch—> studied causative agents of disease

  • looked at antthranx — first person tho show microbes caused disease

  • examined coolness of micrograms - first person too look at colonies of microorganism

contibituion of Koch :

Koch

• simple staining techniques

• first picture bacteria

• first picture of bacteria in diseased tissue

• techniques made for estimabit based on number of colons — that form after growth on solid surface

• use steam — sterilize media

• use of Petri dishes

• techniques to transfer bacteria

• bacteria as dusitnict species.

bacterial colonies on a solid surfa ce

bacterial colonies on a solid surface

• pasteur —→ tried to isolate single bacteria by dilating liquid media until only single cell type could been sene mycorposly ( not sucedful )

• but KOShc was —- bc he could see them two on his Petri dish

Microbes Cause Diases : Kochs Postulates

KChs Postules: His principles on how to prove the cause of an infectious disease

• suspected causative agents must be found in every case of the disease - and abets form healthy hosts

• agent must be isolated and grown outside of host

• when agent introduce into healthy sucetibee host,— the host must get disease

• soem agent must be found in diseased expeirntsla host

Why rent Koch’s postues always useful in proving the cause of disease

Cholera:

• its a toxin no a bacteria

Alzheimer

• a disease

• but not infectious

AID:

• viruse

• cant grow outside of isolation of a host

• \

Down sys norm

• genetic disease

• not even infectious

Lung cancer:

• can be casue by multiple things

Gram stain:

Gram’s stain:

• microbes colorless — hard to see

• involves application of a seriess of dyes

• two group:

  • gram pos: microbes left purple

  • gram neg: microbes pink

how can we prevent infection and disease

how can we prevent infection and disease:

• Semmelweis —> handwashing ( btw patente

• lister —→ antiseptic technique ( sterilizing wounds)

• nightingale —→ hygiene ( unsanitary. condition)

• jenner —> vaciniation ( cowpozx for smaalpox

What are the basic chemical reactions of life

biochemistry

Hwo do gene work

molecular biology

what roles do microorganism play in the envrioe t

• bioremediation

• nutrient recycling

hwo do we defend against disease

• immunology

• chemotherapy

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy:

• using chemical to kill microbes

• Father of chemotherapyy —Penicilium. ( fungus colony)

  • creates a zone of inhibition

  • inhibits growth of bacterial colonies

Which of the following scientist hypotheses that a bacterial colony arises from a single bacterial cell:

Van leeuhwneok /. pasteur. / koch/ petri

Koch

Matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

atoms

• smaller chemical units of matter.

• nucleus ( center)

  • protons - pos charged particles

  • neutrons- uncharged particles

• electrons

  • neg charged particle

  • circle around the nucleus

atomic structure

atomic structure:

• element - composed of single type of atom

• atomic number - equal o number of proton in nucleus

• atomic mass- atomic weight - sum of masss of :

  • Protons + neutrons + electrons

isotopes

Isotopes:

• atoms of a given elecment * btu didifer in number of neutrosn in the nuclei

• two types

  • stabel istoptoe

  • unstable isitope *release energy during radioactive decayer

• EX: C-12, C-13 anf C-14.

  • all have a,e atomic number = bc number of protons dont chase

electron conficgruaytoon

electron configuration

• only electrons of atoms interact —> they det atoms chemical behavior

• electron occupy electron shell

• valence electrons —→

  • election in outermost shell

  • interact with other atoms

chemical bonds:

chemical; bonds

• atoms combine by sharing / transferring valence electron

  • goal: fill outer e- shell to capacity ( 2-8)

molecule

Molecule:

• two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

compound

compound

• a molecule composes of more than one element

Ionic bonds

ionic bonds

• e transferred from 1 atom to another

• atoms atoms have either Pos or neg charges

• diffrent charges attractive each other and form ionic bond ( no electrons shared

• form: crystalline ionic compound (SALT)

dissociation of NACL in water

NACL in water

• water surround ions in salt crystal

• indvidila Na+ and CL ions break away

• leaves two things

  • hydrated sodium ion

  • hydrated chlorine ion

Covalent bond

Covalent t bonds.

• two atoms - share a pair of electrons

• two types

  • non polar = equal sharing

  • polar = unequal sharing

electronegativity

Electromeahtivity

• the attraction of atoms for —>e lectors.

• more elactornagive an atom —- > th greater the pull from nucleus to electrons

non polar covalent bonds

non polar covalent bonds

• shred electrons ( spend equal amount of times around each nucleus of atoms)

• atoms have similar elctronehgativities

• no poles exist ( no negative e and no posittiv)

• organic compound: carbon and hydrogen ( oxygen very I,pt)

• carbon good at form non polar bond ( 4 bond)

Most polar covalent bond involve

hydrogen * allow hydrogen booming

• unequal shearing of electors due to signicaitly difenen in elctornegaitve

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bond

• the electrical attcrion between partially charged H+ and full/p-artial neg charge on same or diifrnt molecule

• partical charges on atoms attract

• weak forces * weaker tha. covalent bonds

• often combine with polar covqkeng bond

• help stabilize 3D large molecules

which of the following most correctly describes th bonds in a water molecule

POLAR covalent bond

( between water molecules = is HYDROGEN BOND)

Chemical Reactions

Chem RXN:

• making / breaking of chemical bonds

• involve reactant and products

• biochemistry involve chem rxn of living things

Synthesi reaction

synthesis reactions:

• invovle formation of larger / more complex molecules

• Endothermic: require energy

• anabolism

• most common type: dehydration synthesis ( water molecule form)

decompositon reaction

decomposition reaction

• break bonds with larger molecules —→ thus make =smaller atoms/ ions/ and molecules

• exothermic: release energy

• catabolism

• most common type:

  • hydrolysis — ionic compound *WATER added —> form OH - H

exchange reaction

exchange reaction

• involve breking and forminh coulant bond s

• Endothermic and Exothermic

• atoms move from one molecule to noahter

• sum of all chem RXN in organics: METABLOSIM

Glucose + ATP——> glucose-P + ADP

*phospahte hw tradnfer enrgy btw moleques

Water

Water:

• most abundant substance in organisms

• most of its special characteristic —> due to two Polar covalent bonds

  • cohesive molecules - surface tension:

  • excellent solvent ( has ionic charges —so can dissolve ionic bonds salt)

  • retails liquide in wide range of temp

  • absorb lots of energy without changing temp

  • participate in many chem rxn

Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases:

• dissociated by water into—> cations and anions

• Acids:

  • dissocite into H+ and one more anion

  • lowers pH scale

  • sour tases

• Bases:

  • binds with H+

  • when dissolved —some dissicote int—- cations and OH-

• metabolism requires balacenc of acids of bases

• PH scale:

  • concetnrion of H+ expressed here

  • lower ph scale more acid = lower

• buffers:

  • prevent edrastic cognates in internal ph

salts

salts

• dissociate in water —> into cations and anions ( H+ and OH-)

• cations and anions of salt = electrolyte : make

  • create electrical difference btwn inside and outside cell

  • trnsfer electrons from oen location to another

  • form impt components of many enzyme ( enzymes ned salt)

Organimc macromolecuels

large macromolecules used by all organism

• lipid

• carbohydrates

• proteins

• nucleic acids

lipid

lipid

• hydrophobic

• four groups

  • fat (triglycerides) ——> saturated or unsatudered * ENERGY storage

  • phospholipid - —→membrane

  • waxes ——> completely water insoluble

  • steroids ——> hormones impt for membrane fludidluty just ring

Fats

Fat:

• glycerol head + 3 fatty acids —-(dehydration synthesis loss of H2O) —> triglyceride

• ester bond: O-C

Phospholipid

Phospholipid

• phosphate group + glycerol + two faaty accids

• 1 unsaturated fatty acid ( double bond = kinky leg)

• 1 saturated fatty acid

• kinky leg —.prevent tight formation

  • good fro membrane fluidity

• hydrophilic head - hydrophobic membrane

waxes

waxes:

• one long chain fatty acid

• covalent link —→ to long alcohol by ester bond

• completely insoluble in water * bc lack hydrophilic head

carbohydrates

carbohydrates

• organic molecules mad of :

  • carbon, hydrogen , oxygen
    

• fucntions

  • long term storage - chem energy

  • ready energy source

  • part of backbone - of nucleic acid

  • can be converted to —- amino acids

  • from cell wall

  • involve intracellular interaction —→ btwn animal cells

• types:

  • monosahcaradie

  • disacharid

  • polysaccharide

proteins

proteins

• mostly composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen , and sulfur

• function:

  • structure

  • enzymatic catalysis

  • regulation

  • transpiration

  • defense and offense

amino acids

Amino acids

• protein monomore ( building block for this )

• difirnt anemone functional group —> affect hwo amino acids interact and how protein interacts with other molecules

amino acid stereoisomers

amino acid stereoisomers:

• molecules with same chemical formula

• difftn spatial arrangement

• one chiral center

• non superimposable image

• mirror image **rare in nature

• EX

  • L -serine—→ amino acid in proteins

  • D -serine —> amino acids rare/ antibiotc/ bacterial cell walls

****anibvitos made from this mirror image

peptide bonds

link two amino acids together

dehydration synthesis

carboxyl grou + amino grouop = two amino acids with peptic ebodn

Why is there no steroisemer of glycine

becase glycine has only a hydrogen as a functional group

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

• DNa and RNA = genetic material of organismadh

• DNA:

  • genetic material of organism and viruses

  • instructions for synthessi of RNA and protein

  • control scythes of alll mocleus in organism

  • ATP—→ is a nucelitde

• RNA

  • acts as enzymes

  • binds amino acids

  • helps form polypeptides.

• nucleotide

  • monomers - makeup nucleic acids

  • composed of—- phosphate / pentose user ( deoxyribose or ribose) / one of five cyclic nitrogenous base

• nucleoside = nucleiteds lacking phsopaht

ATP

ATP:

• short term

• recycle energy supply for cels

• phosphate - phsopahete bonds of ATP ——> * high energy bond

nucleic acid structure

nucleic acid structure:

• 3 H bond —→ btwn C and G

• 2 H bond —→ btwn T and A ( DNA) / U and A ( in RNA)

• Dna double stranded in most cells and virus

  • two strands = complementary

  • two strands = antiparaaller

Paul Ehlichs

Paul

• want dto create a chemical magic bullet = that targets germs in body without harming human body

• found: Salvarsan —> arsenic compound

• first effective treatments for syphillsi

Identify four major questions that drive microbiological investigations today

how do we defend agains disease

• what are the base chem rxn of life

• what roles do microorganism play in the environs

• how do genes work

Identify four major questions that propelled scientists during the period of the "Golden Age of Microbiology".