biol 110 rest of exam1 content

starch/glycogen

polymers of alpha-glucose monomers

• function as energy storage molecules

• animals have the enzymes to break alpha-linkages

plants only make _ and what is _

starch: energy storage molecule in plants

• later broken down for energy

animals only make _ and what is _

glycogen: energy storage molecule in animals

• later broekn down for energy

cellulose is a _ molecule

linear unbranched

starch is a _ molecule

moderately branched

glycogen is a _ molecule

highly branched

branching allows what

more glucose to be stored

where does the word proteins come form

greek word proteios which means primary/of first importance

examples of protein functions

• enzymes: speed up chemical reactions

• signaling molecules: hormones/neurotransmitters

• signaling receptors: cell signaling

• movement: motor proteins

• structural: cytoskeletal proteins, ECM

monomers

amino acids (20 common ones)

covalent bonds that link aminao acids together are called

peptide bonds

polymers of amino acids

• peptides: amino acid polymers w/ 2-49 aa (ex. endorphins have 16-30 aa)

• polypeptides/proteins: aa polymers w/ 50+ amino acids (macromolecules, ex. titin has 35k aa)

amino acid structure

amino group, alpha carbon, carboxylic acid (left, center, right)

• r group gives each aa their unique characteristics

amino acids form _

proteins

amino terminus

amino group attached to first aa added to protein

carboy-terminus

carboxylic acid group attached to last aa added to protein

why is nucleic acid named that

nucleic: nucleus and acid: acidic nature of the molecule

what are monomers and what are the covalent bonds that link them together

nucleotides; phosphodiester bonds

nucleic acid polymers and functions

• DNA: polymer of DNA nucleotides; stores genetic info

• RNA: polymer of RNA nucleotides; involved in regulating flow of genetic info

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes: no-membrane nuclei with circular DNA, smaller/simpler organisms (ex. bacteria)

• Eukaryotes: membrane-bound nucleus with linear DNA inside, mitochondria, ER, plant and animal cells

difference between the typical habitats of Eubacteria and Archaea?

• eubacteria: common everyday environments (ex. soil, water, inside or on surfaces of other organisms)

• archaea: harsh, extreme environments (ex. hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, acidic or anaerobic conditions) (however, can also live in moderate soils or oceans)

In terms of shape, what are the three major categories of Bacteria?

1. cocci: spherical/round shaped

​2. bacilli: rod-shaped

3. spirilla: spiral/corkscrew-shaped

What is the major difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria?

• autotrophic: make own organic foods using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis)

• heterotrophic: cannot make own food, must absorb or consumer organic nutrients from other living or dead organisms

What is the major group of photosynthetic bacteria?

Cyanobacteria