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disperse or dispersion system
is a two-part system made up of microscopic or macroscopic particles and the medium in which they are suspended
dispersion medium
continuous phase, external phase
dispersed phase
internal phase
colloidal dispersion (colloid)
is a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture that contains dispersed particles that are intermediate in size between those of a true solution and those of an ordinary heterogenous mixture
Dialysis
The colloidal particles are separated from the impurities (mainly electrolytes) by the diffusion through a porous membrane such as parchment, collodion, etc
Electrodialysis
A special case of dialysis, which is accelerated by the application of a potential difference across the membrane
Ultrafiltration
The colloidal particles are separated by the process of filtration, through a filter paper, which is impregnated with gelatin or collodion followed by hardening in formaldehyde
Ultra-centrifugation
Involves the separation of colloidal particles from the impurities by centrifugal force in which the colloidal solution is taken in a tube and placed in an ultra-centrifuge (tube is rotated at high speeds)
micelle
is an aggregate of surfactant or amphiphile molecules dispersed in a liquid, forming a colloidal suspension
Micelles
approximately spherical in shape although other shapes may form depending on the molecular geometry of their molecules and solution conditions.
Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)
is defined as the concentration of surfactants above which micelles form and all additional surfactants added to the system will form micelles
Faraday-Tyndall Effect
Refers to the light scattering phenomenon that causes the path of a beam of light through a colloidal dispersion to be observable.
Electron Microscope
Capable of yielding pictures of actual particle sizes, shape and structure of colloidal particles
Light Scattering
Depend on Faraday-Tyndall effect. Use to give information about particles size & shape and for determination of molecular weights of colloids
Brownian Motion
The zig-zag movement of colloidal particles continuously and randomly.
Brownian Motion
Arises due to the uneven distribution of the collisions between colloid particles and the solvent molecules.
Brownian Motion
More rapid for smaller particles
Brownian Motion
Decreases with increasing viscosity of the medium
Diffusion
Particles diffuse readily spontaneously from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until the concentration of the system is uniform throughout.
Diffusion
Fick's first law
Osmotic Pressure
Pressure that must be applied to the solution side to stop fluid movement when a semipermeable membrane separates a solution from pure water.
Sedimentation
Tendency for particles to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against barrier
Sedimentation
Stoke's Law
Stoke's Law
the velocity at which a spherical particle will settle out of suspension (fall to bottom)
Viscosity
Resistance to flow of system under an applied stress. The more viscous a liquid, the greater the applied force required to make it flow at a particular rate
Zeta Potential
One of the fundamental parameters to affect stability. Gives detailed insight into the causes of dispersion's aggregation or flocculation. Can be applied to improve the formulation of dispersions.
Electrophoresis
Refers to the motion of charged particles to the fluid under the influence of an applied electric field. If an electric potential is applied to a colloid, the charged particles move toward the oppositely charged electrode. (Particles can move but not the medium)
Electroosmosis
Movement of dispersion medium under the influence of an electric field keeping the dispersed phase stationary. Motion of dispersion medium occurs towards one of the electrodes in an electric field and solid dispersed particle remain stationary. Liquid moves through a plug or a membrane across which a potential is applied (Medium can move but not particles)
Sedimentation Potential
Also known as Donnan Effect.
Streaming Potential
Potential difference at zero current produced by the convective flow of charge due to a pressure gradient (flow of liquid) through a charged capillary, membrane, plug, or diaphragm.
Colloids
are extensively used for modifying the properties of pharmaceutical agents.
Coarse dispersions
are characterized by relatively fast sedimentation of the dispersed phase caused by gravity or other forces
Coarse dispersion
A pharmaceutical suspension is a ____________ in which insoluble solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium.
Sedimentation
refers to the settling of particles or floccules occur under gravitational force in liquid dosage form.
STOKE'S LAW
The rate of fall of a suspended particle in a vehicle of a given density is greater for larger particles than it is for smaller particles.
flocculation
is the formulation of clumps by the aggregation of fine particles in a suspension
deflocculation
is the dispersion of flocs in a suspension to form a stable colloid
flocculated
particles forms a loose aggregates ad form a network-like structure
deflocculated
particles exist as separate entities
Suspending agent
is a substance that is added to fluids to promote particle suspension or dispersion and reduce sedimentation.
emulsion
thermodynamically unstable system consisting of at least two immiscible liquid phases, one of which is dispersed as globules in the other liquid phase, stabilized by the presence of an emulsifying agent.
Flocculation
Clustering of individual dispersed droplets together, whereby the individual droplets do not lose their identity
Creaming
Occurs when isolated oil droplets combine and rise to the top of an oil in water emulsion
Sedimentation
Occurs when isolated water droplets combine and sink to the bottom of an water in oil emulsion.
Oswald Ripening
Growth of one emulsion droplet at the expense of a smaller one as a result of the difference in chemical potential of the material within the droplets.
Coalescence
Irreversible process by which two or more droplets merge during contact to form a single daughter droplet.
Phase Inversion
A phenomenon that occurs when agitated oil in water emulsion, reverts to a water in oil and vice versa.
Breaking or Phase Separation
Happens when homogenization of emulsion is not achieved (separation of oil and water phase in the system)
emulsifying agent (emulsifier)
is a surfaceactive ingredient or other type which adsorbs at the newly formed oil-water interface during emulsion preparation, and it protects the newly formed droplets against immediate recoalescence
Dilution Test
Based on the solubility of external phase of emulsion
Fluorescence Test
Based on the principle that oil glows in the presence of UV light.
Conductivity Test
Based on the principle that water is a good conductor of electricity and oil is not a conductor of electricity. Electrodes dipped into emulsion and connected to battery
Staining or Dye-Solubility Test
When an emulsion is mixed with a water-soluble or oil-soluble dye and observed under the microscope
Cobalt Chloride Test
When an emulsion is added to a dried filter paper soaked in cobalt chloride solution,
Microemulsions
appear as clear, transparent solutions, but unlike micellar solubilized systems, they may not be thermodynamically stable.
gel
is a solid or a semisolid system of at least two constituents, consisting of a condensed mass enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid.
jelly
When the coherent matrix is rich in liquid, the product is often called
xerogel
When the liquid is removed and only the framework remains, the gel is known as a
Syneresis
When a gel stands for some time, it often shrinks naturally, and some of its liquid is pressed out.
Swelling
Taking up of liquid by a gel with an increase in volume.
Imbibition
Take up a certain amount of liquid without a measurable increase in volume
Rheology
is the study of flow of liquids, deformation of solids, and viscosity characteristics of powders, fluids, and semisolids
fluid
A form of matter that can flow from one place to another through any opening without showing any traits of rigidity.
liquid
A phase of matter which depends on the prevailing temperature and pressure of a particular substance
Viscosity
is an expression of the resistance of a fluid to flow; the higher the viscosity, the greater is the resistance.
Shear stress
refers to the force per unit area to bring about the flow.
Rate of shear
refers to the change in velocity over distance to bring about the flow.
Elasticity
is the ability of a material body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed
Fluidity
refers to the ability of a substance to flow or it is the reciprocal of viscosity
Absolute Viscosity
A phenomenon in which regardless of how much force of agitation or other methods of inducing shear stress applied to the liquid of interest, it will have the same viscosity value. Units: poise (P), centipoise (cP
Kinematic Viscosity
Defined as absolute viscosity divided by the density of the substance. Stoke (St), centistoke (cSt)
Relative Viscosity
Ratio of the viscosity of a solution to the viscosity of the solvent used. Unitless
Newtonian fluid
is a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly correlated to the local strain rate—the rate of change of its deformation over time.
Rheogram
is a graphical representation of the rheological characteristics of a material, typically a graph of shear flow or rate of shear versus shear stress.
non-Newtonian fluid
is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity in which viscosity can change when under force or stress to either more liquid or more solid
PLASTIC
Also known as Bingham Body. • Substance the exhibit yield value. • The yield value must overcome in order for the system to flow. • Requires a finite stress to start and maintain flow. • Curves does not pass through the origin but rather intersect the shearing stress axis at a particular point (yield value)
PLASTIC
Flocculated particles in suspensions • Drilling mud • Slurries • Toothpaste • Blood • Butter • Margarine
Pseudoplastic
Also known as "shear-thinning" system. • No yield value. • The viscosity decreases with increasing rate of shear. • Curve begins at the origin.
Pseudoplastic
• Natural and synthetic gums • Liquid dispersion of tragacanth • Sodium alginate • Methylcellulose • Pentylcellulose • Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose • Polymer solutions • Polyethylene glycol • Ketchup
Dilatant
Also known as "shear-thickening" system. • The viscosity increases with increasing rate of shear. • Increase in volume when sheared. • Reverse effect of pseudoplastic. • When stress is removed, it returns to its original state of fluidity. • As shear stress is increased, the bulk of the system expands or dilates
DILATANT
• Certain deflocculated suspensions with a high percentage of dispersed solids (50 % or greater). • Paint • Whipped cream • Corn starch or starch in water • Clay slurries • Concentrated suspension of inorganic pigments in water • ZnO2 in water • BaSO4 in water • TiO2 in water
Thixotropy
Decrease in viscosity as a function of time upon shearing, then recovery of original viscosity as a function of time without shearing. • An isothermal and comparatively slow recovery on standing of a material of a consistency lost through shearing. • Viscosity decreases as stress is applied over time. • Started at pseudoplastic through time. • Reversible gel-to-sol transformation.
THIXOTROPY
Honey • Paint • Asphalt • Yoghurts • Mayonnaise • Ketchup
Rheopexy
Also known as anti-thixotropy or negative thixotropy. • Increase in viscosity as a function of time upon shearing, then recovery of original viscosity as a function of time without shearing. • Viscosity increases as stress is applied over time. • sol-to-gel transformation
Rheopexy
Printer ink • Magnesia Magma • Bentonite Clay suspension • Gypsum paste