Psych 202: Chapter 7

Exemplar

To determine category membership; Compare it to a best/typical example of a concept.

Concept

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Natural Concept

Occur naturally or originally through direct or indirect experiences.

Artificial Concept

Defined by a specific set of characteristics.

Prototype

Create an abstract mixture of concepts in a category.

Schemata

A mental construct of a collection of related concepts.

Role Schema

Assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave.

Event Schema (Cognitive Script)

Set if behaviors for a given “event.”

Lexicon

The words of a given language.

Grammer

The set rules that are used to convey meaning.

Phoneme

A basic unit of a given language; Lose ability to produce around 8 months.

Morphemes

Smallest unit of a language that convey some type of meaning (combine phonemes).

Semantics

Meaning if morphemes and words.

Syntax

The way words are organized into sentences.

Overgeneralization

An extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule.

Linguistic Determination

Language determines thoughts.

Cooing

Reproduce single letter sounds; 0-3 months.

Babbling

Combining phonemes into morphemes; 3-8 months.

One Word Utterances

Combine morphemes into a word; Single word conveys thought; 12-18 months.

Two Word Utterances

Combination of one word utterances; 18-24 months.

Basic Adult Structure

Combine one and two word utterances into complete sentences; 2-5 years.

Trial and Error

Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved.

Algorithm

Step by step problem solving formula.

Heuristic

General problem solving framework.

Mental Set (Pitfall to Problem Solving)

Persistence in approaching in a way that has worked in the past. Becomes a problem when that is no longer working.

Functional Fixedness

Inability to perceive an object being used for something other than what it's designed for.

Anchoring Decision Bias

Tendency to focus on one particular piece if information when making decisions or problem solving.

Confirmation Decision Bias

Focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs.

Hindsight Decision Bias

Belief that the event just experienced was predictable.

Representative Decision Bias

Unintentional stereotyping of someone or something.

Availability Decision Bias

Decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty.

Crystallized Intelligence

Acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it; Used to learn, remember, and recall information.

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to see complex relationships and solve problems; Example: finding a way home after a detour onto unfamiliar route.

Sternber's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Analytical, Creative, Practical

Practical Intelligence (Street Smarts)

Skill at handling everyday tasks.

Analytical Intelligence

Academic problem solving and computations.

Creative Intelligence

Inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

Multiple Intelligence Theory

Gardber's theory of intellect; Based on the view that people possess at least 8 types of intelligence.

Linguistic Intelligence (MLT)

Perceives different functions of language; Different sounds and meanings of words; May easily learn multiple languages.

Logical Mathematical Intelligence (MLT)

Capable of seeing numerical patterns; Strong ability to use reason and logic.

Musical Intelligence (MLT)

Understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch, and tone; May play multiple instruments or perform as a vocalist.

Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence (MLT)

High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body.

Spatial Intelligence (MLT)

Ability to perceive the relationships between objects and how they move in space.

Interpersonal Intelligence (MLT)

Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others.

Intrapersonal Intelligence (MLT)

Ability to access personal feelings and motivations and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals.

Naturalist Intelligence (MLT)

High capacity to appreciate the natural world and interact with the species within it.

Emotional Intelligence

Ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others.

Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

Abilities are related and arranged in a hierarchy; General abilities at the top, broad in the middle, and specific at the bottom.

General Level (CHC)

General intelligence

Broader Level (CHC)

General abilities - fluid reasoning, short term memory, and processing speed.

Cultural Intelligence

How well you relate to the values of the culture.

Divergent Thinking

Thinking “outside the box”; Large number of potential solutions.

Convergent Thinking

Narrow down to a solution to a problem; One correct answer.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence; Below 70 considered an intellectual disability.

Standardization

Consistent manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results.

Norming

Giving a test to a large population so data can be collected by comparing groups.

Use of referntial scores

To interpret future scores.

Flynn Effect

Observation that each generation has a higher IQ than the last; Doesn't mean next generation is smarter.

WISC-V (David Wexhsler - WAIS)

Verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.

Representative Sample

Subset of the population that accurately represents the general population.

Standard Deviation

How the data are dispersed in a population.

Range of Reaction

The theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on their genetic makeup.

Case of Genie

Once a critical period for brain development is missed, there's no going back.

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

Suggests genetic component to intelligence; Identical twins have similar IQ regardless if raised together or apart.

Learning Disabilities

Cognitive disorders that affect different areas of cognition.

Dysgraphia

Struggl to write legibly.

Dyslexia

Inability to correctly process letters; Wernicke's area not working properly.

Dyscalculia

Difficulties in math computation.