Medical psychology, lecture 2, PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT CYCLE FUNCTIONS AND BASICS OF DEVELOPMENT

What are the three basic factors of life span development?

Biological factors, environmental conditions, and activity of the individual.

What is a developmental milestone?

An expected pattern or event in development that typically occurs at a certain age.

What are temperaments and sensitive periods?

Innate traits and critical windows in which the environment has a particularly strong effect on development.

What are the three types of development?

Physical, cognitive, and social.

What is maturation in development?

The genetically programmed aspects of development.

What is genotype?

The sum of all hereditary factors and the upper limit of possible development.

What is phenotype?

The actual manifestation of genotypic possibilities.

What influences the development outcome from the same genotype?

Environmental conditions.

What is the critical period of development?

The most suitable age for developing certain dispositions.

What is the zone of next development?

A child's current potential for reaching the next level of development.

What is socialization?

The process of acquiring socially relevant behavior and personality traits.

What are the types of interaction between genotype and environment?

Passive, provocative, and proactive.

How does the brain support cognitive development?

Through changes in neurons and synapses and maintaining plasticity throughout life.

What is psychological development?

Systemic changes from conception to death that lead to higher functioning and stability.

What are quantitative changes?

Increases in human abilities and capacities, also referred to as growth.

What are qualitative changes?

Transformations and reorganizations of human abilities.

What are the key characteristics of life span development?

Lifelong, multidimensional, plastic, multidirectional, contextual, multidisciplinary, includes growth and loss.

What are the major categories of developmental theories?

Psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral/social cognitive, ethological, ecological, and eclectic.

What do psychoanalytic theories emphasize?

Unconscious processes, emotions, and early experiences.

Who developed the first stage-based theory of child development?

Sigmund Freud.

What is the topographic model of the psyche?

Unconscious, preconscious, and conscious levels of mental processes.

What are the components of Freud's structural system?

Id, ego, and superego.

What drives personality development in Freud’s theory?

Sexual energy or libido.

What happens during Freud’s oral stage?

Pleasure is centered on the mouth, lips, and tongue.

What is the focus of the anal stage?

Toilet training and control of bodily urges.

What is the key task of the phallic stage?

Children must resolve desires for the opposite-sex parent and identify with the same-sex parent.

What characterizes the latency stage?

Sexual energy goes underground, and children focus on learning.

What happens during the genital stage?

Sexual interest is directed toward peers and mature relationships develop.

What is the main idea of Erikson’s psychosocial theory?

Development is shaped by resolving social conflicts at each stage.

What is the conflict in Erikson’s first stage?

Trust vs. mistrust.

What does Erikson’s stage of autonomy vs. shame deal with?

Developing independence in early childhood.

How does Erikson define identity vs. role confusion?

Adolescents explore different roles to form a personal identity.

What is generativity in Erikson’s theory?

Contributing positively to future generations.

What is Piaget’s view on cognitive development?

Children actively construct knowledge through interaction with their environment.

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

What is a schema in Piaget’s theory?

A mental structure for organizing information.

What is assimilation?

Integrating new information into existing schemas.

What is accommodation?

Altering existing schemas or creating new ones to fit new information.

What is equilibration?

Balancing assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding.

What are key features of the sensorimotor stage?

Exploration through senses and motor actions; development of object permanence.

What characterizes the preoperational stage?

Egocentrism, lack of conservation, and symbolic thought.

What are the key skills in the concrete operational stage?

Logical reasoning, conservation, classification, and seriation.

What are the capabilities in the formal operational stage?

Abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

What is Vygotsky’s key idea about learning?

Learning is first social, then internalized.

What is the zone of proximal development?

The gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help.

What is scaffolding?

Support given to a learner that is gradually removed as competence increases.

How does information processing theory view cognition?

As a system that receives, processes, stores, and retrieves information.

What is metacognition?

Awareness and control of one’s own thought processes.

Who developed classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov.

What is operant conditioning?

Learning through consequences, developed by B.F. Skinner.

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding a stimulus to increase behavior.

What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?

Learning occurs by observing and imitating others.

What is self-efficacy in Bandura’s theory?

The belief in one’s ability to influence events and outcomes.

What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model?

Development occurs within nested systems of environment.

What are the levels in Bronfenbrenner’s model?

Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.

What is imprinting in ethology?

An innate behavior of forming a bond during a critical period.

What did Lorenz discover about geese?

They imprint on the first moving object they see after birth.

What is attachment according to Bowlby?

A biologically based system that motivates infants to seek closeness to caregivers.

What are the stages of emotional attachment?

Non-discriminatory reaction, discriminatory reaction, directed attachment, and aware attachment.

What is the detachment hypothesis?

Stages after separation: protest, despair, and detachment.