E 115 Midterm Review

git clone <“URL”>

Creates a local directory on your machine by downloading a remote repository from Github for the first time

git status

shows which files have been modified, which files are tracked, and what is currently staged

git add <filename>

Stages changes. MUST stage files before you can commit

git push

Uploads your local commits to the remote repository on GitHub

git pull

Grabs modifications from the remote repository on GitHub

git log

Shows a sequential list of your previous commits

git commit -m “Message”

Saves your staged snapshot locally to the Git history

ls -l

Let’s you see list of files in a directory along with their byte size

ls -r

Lists all files and directories, shows the contents of the current folder AND the contents of every subfolder inside it

ls -a

Lists all files and directories in the current folder including hidden files

ls

shows visible files in the present working directory

ls -la

Lists files and directories in the current directory and lists contents in long format and shows all files, including hidden ones

mv

Renames and moves files

pwd

shows your current location in the file system by displaying the absolute pathname of your working directory

cd

changes your current working directory to a specified location

grep

stands for global regular expression print, basically functions like “Ctrl+F”

grep -i

finds words and ignores case sensitivity

grep -v

inverts the match. shows lines that do NOT contain the word/pattern

grep -n

Show line numbers where the match occurs

grep -r

recursively searches through directories

grep -c

shows how many lines contain the pattern

wc

stands for word count

wc -l

counts the number of lines in text/file

wc -w

counts number of words in text/file

wc -m

counts the number of characters in text/file

wc -c

counts byte size of text/file

wc -v

inverts match

cat

command used to read out and display the full contents of short files directly to your screen

freeware

software that can be used at no cost, but the developer controls distribution

shareware

free trial software with limited features or time-based use

network

allows limited users on the shared network to use the software at once

buyware

software that must be purchased before use

proprietary software/closed source software

owned privately, but users may use it without editing. you pay full price for a copy and cannot legally share it

commercial license/copyright agreement

prevents redistribution of modified versions

keylogger

operate locally on your machine. interception can happen before the browser/application can encrypt the text, so attackers get your raw, unencrypted inputs

biometrics

measure physical characteristics (fingerprint, dna, etc)

physical token

a tangible, physical item you possess to prove your identity

token code

temporary, numeric codes used for 2FA

~/

shortcut to home directory

./

relative pathname for current directory

../

Directory above your current working directory (parent directory)