Spinal Anatomy (part 1) - Irene Gold Booklet :)

The digestive system and respiratory tract are derived from what germinal layer

Endoderm

What are the subgroups of the mesoderm

Notochord, paraxial, intermediate, lateral

The urogenital system and adrenal cortex are derived from what germinal layer

Intermediate mesoderm

The paraxial mesoderm leads to the development of what

Sclerotome (VB, ribs), dermatome (skin), mytotome (epimere/hypomere)

What is the epimere vs hypomere

Epimere is from Dorsal somite develops into posterior back muscles and extensors

Hypomere is from Ventral somite develops into anterior muscles and flexors

What is the only remnant of the notochord

nucleus pulposus (until age 10 then replaced)

What are the divisions of the lateral mesoderm

Somatic (pelvis & limbs)

Splanchnic (circulatory system, viscera)

What are derivatives of the surface ectoderm

epidermis, anterior pituitary, lens of eye, enamel, hair, nails

What does the alar plate become?

Dorsal horn of spinal cord (sensory)

What foes the basilar plate become?

Ventral horn of spinal cord (motor)

What does the neural tube become?

CNS, posterior pituitary, retina, oligodendrocytes

The anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord are derived from what germinal layer

Neuroectoderm

What do neural crest cells form?

PNS, ANS, sympathetics, DNRG, Schwann cells, adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla is derived from what embryological structure

neural crest cells (ectoderm)

The adrenal cortex is derived from what embryological structure

Intermediate mesoderm

any back muscle that is innervated by a nerve coming off of a plexus is considered _____

Ventral primary rami

Fawns beard is a sign of

Spina bifida occulta

What pathology has the spinal cord protruding out due to undeveloped meninges

Myelocele

What pathology has the spinal cord and meninges protruding out

Meningmyelocele

What condition is when the cerebellar peduncles drop below the foramen magnum

Arnold Chiari Syndrome type 1

What is Arnold Chiari syndrome type 2

Cerebellar peduncles drop below foramen magnum AND meningmyelocele

What is cleft palate

Failure of maxillary and palatine bones to fuse

Absense of a major portion of the brain, skull and scalp is called

Anencephaly

What is the most severe neural tube defect

Anencephaly (absense of major portion of brain/skull/scalp)

What vitamin helps prevent CNS pathologies

B9

Spina Bifida, Arnold Chiari, and cleft palate are all types of

Neural tube defects

What is intramembranous ossification?

Conversion of mesoderm to bone

The clavicle, and the flat bones of the skull undergo what type of osteogenesis

Intramembranous/intramedullary

The majority of the axial skeleton and long bones are formed by what kind of osteogenesis

Endochondral ossification

The conversion of mesenchymal tissue to bone is called

Intramembranous ossification

The conversion of mesenchymal tissue into cartilage and then bone

Endochondral ossification

The tips of spinous processes and transverse processes, and tip of dens are all ________________

Secondary ossification centers

What specialized cells control edothelial cells that form the blood brain barrier

Astrocytes

What specialized cells line the ventricles of the brain and help produce CSF

Ependymal cells

What are the myelinating cells of the CNS

oligodendrocytes

Demyelination of CNS is associated with what condition?

multiple sclerosis

The myelinating cells of the CNS are derived from _______ while the myelinating cells of the PNS are derived from _________

Neural tube; neural crest cells

Demyelination of PNS is associated with what condition?

Guillain-Barre syndrome (post-infectious polyradiculopathy)

What is the function of the Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus

Peristalsis

Congential Megacolon (Hirschsprung's disease) is when there is no _________ plexus

Myenteric (auerbach)

What is the covering of nerve fiber

endoneurium

What is the covering of nerve fascicle

perineurium

What is the covering of a peripheral nerve

epineurium

T/F the inside of a neuron is negatibve because it has more potassium ions

True

During an action potential- Sodium rushing inside a cell is called

Depolarization

What is occuring during repolarization of an action potential

Potassium ions rush out of cell to bring back to RMP (-65-70)

The period of an action potential when it is difficult to start another action potential is called

Relative refractory period

Where are UMN located?

cerebral cortex to anterior(ventral) horn cells (entirely CNS)

What neurotransmitter is used in UMNs

Glutamate

Hyperreflexia, spasticity and clonus are all signs of what kind of lesion

UMN

Where are LMN located

Anterior (ventral) horn to muscles

Hyporeflexia, hypotonia and fasciculations are all signs of what kind of lesion

LMN

What connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

brain stem

What are the parts of the brainstem

medulla, pons, midbrain

What CNs are associated with the medulla

CN 9-12

What CNs are associated with the pons

CN5-8

What is the corpora quadrigemina

The 4 colliculi of tectum

the superior collicul is used for reflex to ____ and the inferior colliculi is reflex to _______

Light; sounds

CN3,4 and the cerebral aqueduct are all found within the

Tegmentum

Damage to the substantia nigra is associated with what condition

Parkinsons

Voluntary movement, planning, problem solving, decision making are all done by what

Frontal cerebrum

Where is Broca's area located?

left side of frontal lobe

Difficulty forming words and sentences is called

Broca's aphasia

Integrating sensory information (touch, temp, pressure, pain) is done where

Parietal lobe

The primary motor cortex is located in ________ lobe and the primary sensory cortex is located in _________ lobe

Frontal; parietal

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

occipital lobe (Broadmans area 17)

Hearing, language, memories and smell all come from what part of the cerebrum

Temporal lobe

Where is Wernicke's area located?

left temporal lobe

Someone who is saying long sentence of jumbled words that make no sense would have

Wernickes aphasia

Where does memory come from

Hippocampus ( i would remember if i saw a hippo on campus)

Emotions, fear and anxiety come from what part of the cerebrum

Amygdala (part of temporal)

Fibers the connect the left and right hemispheres are called

Commissural

Fibers that connect different parts of the same hemisphere are called

association

All inputs into the cerebullum are _______

Ipsilateral

What are the 3 anatomical divisions of the cerebellum

Flocculonodular lobe, anterior lobe, posterior lobe

What are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum

cerebrocerebellum, spinocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum

What are the cerebellar nuclei

Fastigial, globus, emboliform, dentate (fat guys eat donuts)

What cerebellar peduncle communicates with pons

Middle

What cerebellar peduncle communicates with midbrain

Superior

What cerebellar peduncle communicates with medulla

Inferior

What are the inhibitory fibers of the cerebellum

Purkinje fibers

What are the excitatory fibers of the cerebellum

Mossy and climbing fibers

The thalamus processes all senses except

Smell

Function of VPM

Relay sensory info from face to parietal lobe

What relays sensory info from the limbs to the parietal lobe

VPL

Parts of thalamus

VPM (sensory face), VPL(sensory Limbs), LGN (light), MGN (music)

Visual input going to the visual cortex must pass thru what part of the thalamus

LGN - lateral geniculate nucleus

Auditory input going the the temporal lobe must pass through what part of the thalamus

MGN - medial geniculate nucleus

What structure integrates activities of the nervous and endocrine systems

Hypothalamus

What forms the striatum

caudate nucleus and putamen

What us the functional part of the basal ganglia

Subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

Parkinsons, Huntingtons and Tourette's are all associated with dysfunction of the

Basal ganglia

What motor tract is responsible for flexor tone (unconscious)

Rubrospinal

What motor tract is responsible for extensor tone (unconscious)

Reticulospinal

Head and neck movement is primarily controlled by what spinal tract

Tectospinal

What spinal tract is involved with unconscious control of back and balance

Vestibulospinal

What motor tracts are consciously controlled

Anterior (ventral) and lateral corticospinal tracts

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?

Medulla

Where does the ventral corticospinal tract decussate

At the spinal level

What type of fibers detect vibration and pressure

Pacinian