Skypala Zoology exam 3

Phylum Echinodermata

• Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Phylum Echinodermata characteristics

• Spiny exoskeleton with connective tissue

• water vascular system, unique coelomic compartment

• Tube feet

• Pedicellariae pincer like jaws with muscles

• Radial or pentiracial symmetry (sessile)

• Dermal branchiae for respiratory gas and excretion

• Asteroids/sea stars = predators

• Brittle stars bend joints to move, predators, filter feeders,

  scavengers, browsers, or commensal

• Sea cucumbers deposit feeders

• Sea urchins found on hard bottom while sand dollars like sand

• Not often preyed on

Class Asteroidea characteristics

• Starfish

• Rocky surfaces, sand bottoms, reefs

• Predaceous

• Central disc with 5 arms, radial nerve

• Mouth on bottom, ambulacrum groove from mouth to arms

• Pedicellariae top of little spines

• Top are dermal papillae little projections of coelom for respiration

• water vascular system: system of canals (coelomic compartment) and tube feet

• Locomotion and food gathering, respiration,

  excretion

• Open thru pores in madreporite

• Movement allowed through hydralics

• Carnivorous

• Diecious gonads in arm space

• External fertilization, eggs and sperm released

• Bilateral, free swimming larvae

• Lost/injured arms can be regrown

• From detached arm a new starfish can grow

Class Ophiuroidea

• Brittle stars

• Pentaradial, skinny arms off central disc

• No pedicellariae, no papulae

• Tube feet have no suckers, closed ambulacral grooves

• Locomotion by arm movement, wriggling movement, faster than

  seas stars

• Hide in dark places (negative phototaxis)

• Feed on small particles, few carnivorous

• Regenerate, drop arms easily

• Arms with central disc can regenerate new bodies

Class Echinoidea

• Sea urchins, sand dollars

• Body enclosed in test shell made of plates, spines controlled by muscles

• No arms but 5 part radial symmetry

• Ambulacral rows folded towards anus

• Tube feet, spines for locomotion

• Some have toxins

• Rocky or sandy bottoms

• Feed on algae

Class Holothuroidea

• Sea cucumbers

• Soft bodies with dermal ossicles crawl, burrow, hide

• Tube feet, five ambulacral lines

• Slow movement with tube feet and body wall muscular contraction

• Can expel viscera when harassed

• Lost parts regenerate

Class Crinoidea

• Sea lilies, feather stars

• Once more numerous

• Flower like body (lilies) – attached filter

• Long branched arms (feather stars) -- free

Phylum Hemichordata

• Acorn worms

• Slow, burrow in mud flats

• Dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits

• Mucus covered body

• Proboscis burrowing filled with water, probing for food particles

• Trunk gill slits

• NO NOTOCHORD

Phylum Chordata Characteristics

• Name chordata comes from the notochord

• Notocord: rodlike tissue enclosed in a sheath between the gut and the nervous system through the whole body providing skeletal scaffolding

• 5 Hallmark chordate characteristics:

  – Pharyngeal (gill) slits

  -- Notochord

  – Endostyle

  -- Dorsal nerve cord

  – Postanal tail

• Bilateral

• Anteroposterior axis

• Coelom

• Tube within a tube body plan

• Metamerism

• Cephalization

• Deuterostomes

Phylum Chordata Traditional and Cladistic classification

• Separation between chordates and vertebrates with skull

• Dividided into jawless agnatha and jaw having gnathostomata

• Vertebrates seperated into amniota having amnion and anamniota lacking amnion

• Gnathostomata subdivided into pisces with fins and tetrapods with limbs

Subphylum Urochordata

• Tunicates/sea squirts

• Adult sessile, marine

• Free swimming larvae, ascidian have all chordate characteristics lost in adults

• Gills for respiration

• Food gets stuck in mucus spreads across pharynx cilia moves it to stomach

• Hermaphroditic, external fertilization

• Adhesive papillae to metamorphosize to adult

Subphylum Cephlochordata

• Lancelets: slender laterally flattened translucent small animals

• Live in sandy bottoms

• 5 characteristics of chordates

• Water to mouth by cilia, food stuck in mucus

• Separate sexes, external fertilization

• Larvae hatch and assume adult shape

Subphylum vertebrate craniata

• Exoskeleton and endoskeleton

• Segmented muscles from endoskeleton jointed scaffolding

• Primitive fishes covered in bony dermal armor

• Scales, hair, feathers, claws, and horns

• Gas exchange

• Ventral heart enhancing transport of gases

• Predation

Ammocoetes vs Amphioxus

Ammocoetes 7 gill slits

Amphioxus has pointed fin

Fishes

• Aquatic

• Gills

• Fins

• Scales

Agnathan Fishes

• Earliest fish

• Jawless

• Extinct ostracoderms and living hagfishes and lampreys

  - Hagfishes lack vertebrae

  - Lampreys have rudimentary vertebrae

  - lack jaws, internal ossification, scales, or paired fin

Gnathostome Fishes

• Fully formed jaws

• No intermediate forms between agnathan to gnathostomes

Cartilaginous Fish

• Lost dermal armor adopted cartilge skeleton

• Diversified to form modern shark

• Well-developed sense organs,

  powerful jaws, and predaceous habits

Osteichthyes Bony Fish

• Ray finned fish

• Lobe finned fish

• All dominant fishes today are one of the two

• operculum for increased respiration

• Pouches for respiration lungs

• Puches for buoyancy swim bladders

Class Myxini fish

• Hagfish, marine scavenger/predators (molluscs, annelids, crustaceans, dead fish)

• Nearly blind, but great chemo and tactile senses

• Rasping tongue

• Slimy to slip away from predators

Class Petromyzontida

• Lampreys

• Parasitic and non-parasitic

• Freshwater

• Adults die soon

• Ammocoete larva

• Suspension feed, metamorphose, parasites attach to fish

Subclass Elasmobranchii fish

Sharks, skates, rays

• Basic shark form

  • Long spindle shaped body

  • Pointed rostrum

  • Heterocercal tail

  • Paired pectoral and pelvic

  • fins

  • Dorsal, caudal, anal fins (male claspers)

  • Placoid scales

  • Spiracle remains of 1st gill

  • slit

• Specialized sense organs

  • Olfaction

  • Lateral line system

  • Vision

  • Ampullae of Lorenzini

• Internal fertilization reproduction

• Skates and rays

  • Dorsoventrally flattened

  • large pectoral fins

Osmotic Regulation

• Freshwater fish tend to “collect” water and lose salts

  • Pump in salts by salt-absorbing cells in gills

• Salt water fish tend to “lose” water and gain salts

  • Drinks sea-water

  • Secretes salt via salt-secretory cells in gills

On to the land amphibians

Evolved adaptations to air breathing

• Increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity

• Double circulation to direct

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

and oxygenated blood out of the lungs

Lobe-finned fish resembling structures in amphibians

• walking, bulkier limbs, stronger limbs than previous

Modern amphibian characteristics

• Aquatic eggs

• Larvae with gills

• Metamorphose to terrestrial adult form with lungs, supportive skeleton, senses for detecting airborne transmission

• Moist environment (thin skin)

• Ectothermic (body temp dependent on environmental temp)

Caecilians

• Limbless, burrowing, not often

seen

• Reduced eyes, segmented

skin w/ little scales

• Tropical

• Eat small inverts, worms

• Internal fertilization

• Eggs laid in moist areas

• Some species viviparous

Salamanders

• Limbs at 90 degree angles

• Carnivorous

• Ectotherms (body temp dependent on environmental temp)

• Aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults

• Internal fertilization

• Terrestrial species undergo direct development

  • Hatch as miniature adults

• Gills, lungs, both, neither

Frogs and toads

• Must live near water source

• Reproduction requires water

• Water-permeable skin

• Tailed larval stage and

  tailless, jumping adults

• Eggs to tadpoles with long, finned tail, no legs, internal

  and external gills and specialized

  mouthparts herbivorous

  feeding

• Family Ranidae

  • Contains the common larger frogs in North America

• Family Hylidae

  • Includes the tree frogs

• Family Bufonidae (true toads)

  • Contains toads with thicker skins and

    prominent warts

Amphibian systems

• Endoskeleton of bone

• Cartilage for support and muscular movement

• Vertebral column lost flexibility to transmit force from limbs to body

• Front of skull has brain, eyes, and nose

• Back of skull had contained gill

• Three main posterior joins hip, knee, ankle

• Foot is five rayed, hand is four rayed

• Closed circulatory system

• lung breathing

• Deoxygenated blood goes to lungs, oxygenated to body

• Adults are carnivorous catching prey with sticky tongue attached to front of mouth

• Larva herbivores

• Forebrain is smell, midbrain is vision, hindbrain is hearing and balance

• Breed, feed, grow during warm seasons

• Female lays eggs then male fertilizes

Amniotes of reptiles

• Nonavian reptiles, birds, and mammals

• Developing young enclosed by extraembryonic membrane called the amnion

  • Secretes amniotic fluid, embryo floats

• Each egg had 4 amniotic membrane

  • Amnion

    • Encloses embryo in fluid-filled space

    • Cushions the embryo and provides medium for growth

    • Allantois

      – Stores metabolic wastes

    • Chorion
      - Surrounds everything
      – Beneath shell
      – Allantois and chorion sometimes fuse to form
      respiratory structure: chorioallantoic
      membrane

• Yolk sac is for nutrient storage

Class reptilia

• Aquatic development continues inside the amnion egg

• Arose from anthracosaurs separated into groups

  • Anapsids

    • No openings in skull behind eye orbits

    • turtles

  • Diapsids

    • 2 temporal openings

    • All reptiles and birds

  • Synapsids

    • 1 temporal opening

    • Mammal like reptiles

Nonavian reptiles

• Shelled, amniotic egg, no aquatic larva

• Dry, tough skin

• Internal fertilization, keeps gametes from

  drying

• Jaws better adapted for biting, tearing

• Separate pulmonary and systemic circulation

• 3 chambered hearts besides crocs

• More surface area than amphibians

• Drawing air into lungs

• Respiration in cloaca or pharynx

• Gas exchange by thin moist skin causes vulnerability to dehydration

• Dry scales, protect and prevent water loss

  • Skin has epidermis of

  varying thickness collagen-rich dermis

• Amphibians secrete metabolic waste as ammonia toxic

• Nonavian reptiles secrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid non toxic

• Better support

  • Some members (dinosaurs) had support that moved legs underneath

• Better nervous system

  • Cerebrum growing in relation to rest of brain
    

Subclass anapsida

• Turtles

• Shell: top = carapace, bottom = plastron

• Keratin covering bone

• Shell restrics breathing other muscle movement helps breathing

• Exchange gases through lining of mouth and cloaca

• Nervous system

  • Small brain, larger cerebrum

  • Bad hearing

  • Good smell, vision

  • Internal fertilization, oviparous lay eggs in environment, sex is determined on temperature so no sex chromosomes

Lizards class reptilia

• Diverse group members

• Geckos, iguanids, skinks, chameleons

  • Dry climate, semisolid urine, moveable eyelids

cloaca

• nitrogenous waste fecal waste and opening for reproductive tract (for female)

• common opening

Worm lizards class reptilia

• Burrowing

• Limbless

• Look like earthworms

• mostly tropical

Snakes class reptilia

• limbless

• Individual vertebra shortened for lateral movement

• Chemosensory organ= jacobsons organ- tongue collects airborne molecules and conveys to js organs in mouth

• Highly kinetic skull allows to consume large prey

• Capture prey then constrict

• Venom types group by fangs: vipers tubular fangs, elapids front erect fangs, colubrid rear fanged

• Neurotoxin venoms act on the nervous system blindness and paralysis

• Hemotoxic venoms break down blood vessels cause hemorrhaging

• Females give off pheromones and males detect with jb organs

• Internal fertilization hemipenis in cloaca

• Oviparous

Crocodiles/alligators class reptilia

• Sister group to birds

• Long skull, strong snapping jaw

• Theocodont dentition: teeth in sockets

• Secondary palate can breathe while eating

• Four-chambered heart, full separation of blood

• Oviparous

• Alligator broud snout more hidden teeth when mouth closed

• Crocodile narrow snout more teeth visible when mouth closed

• Alligators vocalize to attract females during mating season

• Nest od dead vegetation guarded by females to protect eggs

• Mom burries and unburries young

• Sex determined by temperature female cold male hot

Birds class aves

• Archeopteryx characteristics

  • Teeth in sockets

  • Solid bones

  • Long tail

  • Claws

  • Skull and beak

  • Furculum

  • FEATHERS

• Modern birds

  • large flightless, flat sternum small pectoral muscles

    • Ostrich

  • Flying birds, keeled sternum, strong muscles

• Feathers/wings

• Skeletal Features

• Amniotic egg

• Air sacs

• Feather is an adaptation that contributes to more power or less weight

• feather types: Contour

  • On body

  • On wings – flight feathers

• Down

  • “fluffy” because no barbules

  • Generally hold in heat

  • Filoplume

  • Powder-down

• Waterproof, add to sheen of feathers

  • Herons and relatives

• Light skeleton for flight, large brain case large orbits

• FUsed vertebrae

• Braced ribs for stability

• Fucula (wish bones), pectoral muscles characteristic of flight

• Large flight muscles, leg muscles

• Carnivorous, nectar, omnivorous

• beak shape diet influenced

• High metabolism

• No teeth, gizzard to grind (sand/rocks)

• Crop for storage

• Circulation

  • 4 chambered heart complete separation of pulmonary and systemic

  • Nucleated red blood cells

• Excretion

  • Uric Acid

  • conserves water

  • sea birds have salt secreting glands

• Respiration

  • One way flow

  • Air sacs (set of 9) act as bellows, add buoyancy for temp regulation

  • 2 cycles for breath to enter/leave

  • constant flow of oxygenated blood

  • More developed cerebrum and optic lobes

  • Smell/taste poor

  • Good hearing/vision

    • Large eyes

    • See in uv rays

• Flight

  • tree down vs ground up

  • Wing as airfoil

  • Flapping flight

    • Up stroke with twist and down

• Types of wings

  • Elliptical (maneuverable)

  • High speed wings

  • Dynamic souring (less maneuverable)

  • High lift wings

• Migration

  • More food for young

  • Fewer predators in breeding grounds

  • Avoid extremes

  • Energetically costly

  • Triggered by day length

  • Direction: landmarks, stars/sun, magnetic

• Reproduction

  • Monogamy/polygamy

  • Males bright plumage and sing

  • Both sexes can care precocial independent at birth vs altricial need help at birth

  • Build nest, incubate, defend, feed

Oviparous vs viparous

Mammals class mammalia

• Hair

  • Epidermal follicle in dermis; keratin

  • Under hair for insulation

  • Guard hair for protection, wear, and color

  • Many molt summer/fall

    • Thickness/color

• Mammary glands

• Skull features

• Non-nucleated red blood cells

• Muscular diaphram

• Cerebral cortex

• Hemoeothermic (control metabolic rate and temp despite the environment around)

• Origin is a carnviorous synapsid reptile aka a therapsid

  • Upright limbs

  • Motorcordination from cerebellum

• Horns/antlers

  • Horns: keratin covering bony core, not shed, continue growth

  • Antlers: Solid bone, covered with velvet in spring when growing, shed every year

• Glands

  • Sweat: eccrine for cooling. apocrine for reproduction

  • Scent: territory marking

  • Sebaceous for moisturization

  • Mammary modified sweat glands, milk

• Teeth

  • Differentiated

  • Cut, tear, grind, chew

  • Deciduous (baby) and permanent teeth

  • Consumption smaller the animal the more you have to eat

• Multiboned to single bone jaw, bones modified to middle ear

• Habits

  • Insectivorous: small, pointy teeth, short tract

  • Herbivores: large grinding molars, reduced canines

  • Carnivores: eat herbivores, sharp teeth claws

  • Omnivores: mixed diet

• Reproduction

  • Breeding seasons: winter

  • Female fertility estrus (ovulation)

    • Once a season (monestrus dogs/foxes)

    • Multiple types a season (polyestrus mice/squirrels)

• Monotremes:

  • Oviparous

  • Mammary glands no nips

  • Platypus burrow, echidna puch incubate

• Marsupials

  • Viviparous, pouched

  • Primitive placenta, 1st surrounded by shell membranes

  • Don’t implant, still embryonic

• Eutharians (placental mammals)

  • Long gestation in uterus

  • Nourished by placenta

• Territories

  • Areas where other individuals are excluded

  • Food mammals other resources

  • Marked urine

  • Home range

• Seasonal migration

  • Caribou/whales

Monotremes and marsupials/eutherians

-monotremes (one hole) (egg laying mammal)

— platypus, echidna

-marsupials (pouch)

— kangaroo

-placental (humans)

— humans, dogs, whales, etc