Exam 4 ( FINAL) Human Genetics

How does cancer occur?

by the accumulation of cancer-promoting mutations that each progressively contribute to uncontrolled cell proliferation

• on avg. cancer cells have shown to have accumulated 7-10 cancer promoting mutations

what does a mutation do and where is transmitted through?

• increase the rate of cell division

• the mutation is transmitted through cell division

Describe the process of a mutation to metastasis?

mutation > benign tumor > maliignant tumor > metastasis

what is a benign tumor?

a mass of abnormal cells that are non cancerous ( do not spread to and proliferate in other tissues )

what is a malignant tumor?

a mass of abnormal cells that are cancerous ( can spread to and proliferate in other tissues )

what is metastasis ?

cells in a benign tumor may display what two things ?

hyperplasia and dysplasia or carcinoma in situ

what is hyperplasia ?

what is dysplasia ?

what is carcinoma in situ?

what are cancer cells characterized by?

what is the percentage of cancer cases associated with a genetic predisposition ?

What are most cancer causing mutations considered to be , that occur throughout life?

can some viruses also promote the development of cancer through other mechanisms that do not involve mutation?

what is a mutagen?

what is a carcinogen ?

mutations in what 2 types of genes promote cancer?

what are proto-oncogenes?

what are oncogenes?

proto-oncogenes and oncogenes encode proteins that do what 2 things?

what is the diff b/w a normal cell & a cell w/ a mutated oncogene?

__________ include genes encoding proteins that function in the signaling pathway that promotes cell division. explain the 3 step process of how this is accomplished.

what are tumor suppressing genes ?

tumor suppressor genes encode proteins that do do what 3 things?

what is the diff b/w a normal cell & a cell w/ a mutated tumor suppressor gene?

tumor suppressor gene example 1 ( Rb-tumor SG)

tumor suppressor gene example 2 ( p53 ) :

genetically inherited mutations in cancer promoting genes confer a predisposition to develop _______. why?

summarize the progression of cancer.

what is a population ?

what is population genetics?

what is a gene pool?

how to calc. allele freq?

how to calc. genotype freq?

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Assumptions

How can hardy weinberg be applied to X-linked genes?

what is microevolution ?

what is natural selection ?

in population genetics, what does the term “fitness” refer to?

What is directional selection?

what is balancing selection ?

what is stabilizing selection?

what is disruptive/diversifying selection?

what is genetic drift?

what is the bottleneck effect?

what is the founder effect?

what is gene flow in migration?

when does migration increase & reduce?

what is random mating?

what is assortative mating?

what is inbreeding ?

start at lecture 15 here