Dunlap unit

Endocrine system

Analog, slow, pervasive, hormones (protein/steroid), slower because hormones travel in blood stream

Nervous

fast, digital, action potentials

Protein Hormone

(water-solubles) outside of cell, stimulates a series of reactions in a target cell that amplify the response to hormones

Steroid hormone

(lipid soluble) go into cell

Tropic hormones

Stimulate growth and development TSH GnRH

Thyroxine

weight/tempertaure balance

Hypo

weight loss, warmth

Hyper

weight gain, cold

Time-scale of physiology

varies from millisec to years.

Endocrine and Nervous systems

Differ, but overlap

Regulation of metabolic rate (Negative feedback) Thyroid hormone

Hypothalamus-thyroid gland-thyroid hormone-release T3 and T4 into bloodstream-rises and reaches- T3 and T4 lower

Checks and adjusts temperature in the body to keep it at a steady and constant rate

Insulin

Pancreas releases insulin, insulin lowers blood glucose and stores excess glucose for future use

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose by stimulating the release of stored glucose

Steroid hormones take longer

They are lipid soluble

Aldosterone

Regulates the absorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium

ADH

ADH makes the kidneys conserve water by reabsorbing it in the bloodstream

Aldosterone acts slower than ADH

Acts through changes in gene activity and protein production

The overall scheme in both sexes

GnRH-FSH-LH

FSH (steroli cells)

LH (leydig cells)

FSH for men

sperm

LH for men

Testoterone

FSH for women

menstrual cycle

LH for women

ovulation

Branches of the peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system-sensory division-motor division(Parasympathetic division and Sympathetic division)

Parasympathetic division

Rest and digest

Sympathetic division

Respiration and circulation

Cortisol

short term stress (increased blood glucose, increased breathing rate), regulates sleep-wake cycle of energy

Electrical/chemical gradient

Na+ goes in and K+ goes out of the cell

Action potential propagation

Na+ comes in and leaks into segments near the channel that makes them reach their threshold

Presynaptic neuron

sends a message using neurotransmitters

Postsynaptic neuron

receiver catches the message using receptors

Sensory transduction

Energy transformation from the external world into the internal world

Modality

light, sound, temperature

Intensity

difference in light/sound

Intensity of stimulus determines

The frequency of action potentials

Rhodospin

Light-sensitive switch in the eyes, when it senses light it changes shape and sends a signal to your brain, allowing you to see low-level lights

Phototransduction

Light activates special proteins in the eye cells, leading to the generation of electrical signals that are sent to the brain, where they are turned into the images and scenes you see.

Rods

very sensitive, only shades of gray

Cones

less sensitive, 3 types of colors RGB

Retina

Is packed with 125 million photoreceptors

muscle contraction

interaction between 2 proteins