Kinesiology - Final Exam

EVERYTHING

atlantooccipital joint

• C1 + occiput

• flexion/extension (“yes”) + light lateral bending

• synovial joint

what nerve innervates the top yellow

median nerve

what nerve innervates the bottom yellow

radial nerve

what nerve innervates the pink

ulnar nerve

atlantoaxial joint

• C1 + C2

• rotation (“No”)

• atlas rotates on dens of axis

• synovial joint

cervical spine…

more mobile, less stable → triaxial

thoracic spine…

more stiff (limited by ribs) → lateral flexion

lumbar spine

strongest → flexion/extension + minimal lateral flexion

ribs…

minimal motion → elevation/depression

true ribs

pairs 1 - 7

false ribs…

pairs 8 - 10

floating ribs…

pairs 11 - 12

intervertebral discs (23)

• function: shock absorption + flexibility

• adjacent vertebral bodies: cartilaginous discs

  • weight-bearing

• facet joints: synovial joint

cervical ligaments (and thoracic & lumbar lol)

• anterior longitudinal ligament

• posterior longitudinal ligament

• ligamentum flavum

• nuchal ligament

what is this

anterior longitudinal ligament

what is this

ligamentum flavum

what is this

nuchal ligament

what is this

posterior longitudinal ligament

anterior longitudinal ligament

• anterior vertebral ligament

• prevents excessive extension

posterior longitudinal ligament

• posterior vertebral bodies

• precents excessive flexion

ligamentum flavum

• forms posterior border of vertebral canal

• prevents excessive flexion

nuchal ligament

• from nuchal line of occiput to tips of spinous processes

• supraspinal ligament + interspinal ligaments

• prevents excessive flexion

sternal

• sternocostal ligaments

• costoxiphoid ligaments

costovertebral + costotransverse

• many small ligaments support joint capsules

• prevent excessive flexion

torticollis

head laterally flexed to one side, rotated to opposite side

sciatica

• pain descending posterior thigh/leg along path of sciatic nerve

• cause: disc herniation/disruption

spinal stenosis

narrowing of vertebral canal + compression of spinal cord/nerve roots

ankylosis spondylitis

chronic inflammation + fusion of vertebral column joints

spondylosis

• bony spurs, thickening of ligaments, decreased disc height

• pressure on spinal nerve roots

spondylolysis

defect in vertebral lamina

spondylolisthesis

anterior slippage of vertebrae

fractures

caused by: compression, trauma, osteoporosis

fracture with dislocation

• caused by: trauma

• effects: compression of spinal cord, avulsion of nerve roots

• SS: loss of motor/sensory function

cervical strain

caused by: whiplash

functions of respiratory system

supply oxygen to body + eliminate carbon dioxide from body

respiration

gas exchange

ventilation

moving air in/out of lungs → airflow

thoracic cage =

sternum + ribs/costal cartilages + T1 - T12

costovertebral joint

rib + vertebral body

costotransverse joint

rib + transverse facet of transverse process

chondrosternal joint

ribs + sternum

elevation/depression movements

gliding of costovertebral/chondrosternal joints

how does the thoracic cage move during: Inhalation

cage moves up + out

how does the thoracic cage move during: Exhalation

cage moves down + in

intrathoracic volume: inhalation

diaphragm descends with contraction

• intrathoracic volume increases, pressure decreases

• volume increases, pressure drops, air flows in

intrathoracic volume: exhalation

diaphragm descends with relaxation

• intrathoracic volume decreases, pressure increases

• volume decreases, pressure rises, air flows out

quiet inhalation (muscles)

diaphragm + external intercostals

quiet exhalation

relaxation of diaphragm / external intercostals

deep inhalation (muscles)

diaphragm + external intercostals + SCM + scalene + pec minor + levator costarum + serratus posterior superior

forced inhalation

contraction of diaphragm/external intercostals + levator scap + upper trap + rhomboids + pec minor

forced exhalation

internal intercostals + internal/external oblique + TVA + rectus abdominis + QL + serratus posterior inferior

paradoxical breathing

diaphragm functions, intercostals dont

pursed lip breathing

exhaling with closed lips to decrease airflow and increase time for gas exchange

pleurisy

inflammation of pleura

pneumothorax

collapsed lung

flail chest

loss of ability to expand lungs (rib fracture)

bronchitis

inflammation of bronchi

emphysema

distention, destruction of alveolar walls + loss of lung tissue elasticity

asthma

spasm of bronchial walls restricting airflow

hyperventilation

rapid breathing removes more CO₂

stitch

cramp from diaphragm during exertion

tasks accomplished with gait

• weight acceptance

• single-leg support

• single-leg advancement

gait cycle

one complete sequence of one LE

stride

• 1 foots cycle (heel strike → heel strike)

• from one foot touching ground to it touching the ground again

stride length

horizontal distance traveled during a stride

stride width

side to side distance

step

• from 1 foot to the other

• from one foot touching the ground to the other foot touching the ground

step length

horizontal distance between initial contact of one foot and initial contact of the other foot

cadence

number of steps per minute

stance leg

closed chain

swing leg

open chain

vertical displacement

usually 2 inches (highest at midstance, lowest heel strike)

horizontal displacement

usually 2 inches (highest at midstance)

lateral pelvic tilt

movement of hips up/down as pelvis drops

mnemonic for: Stance Phase

I Like My Tea Perfect

mnemonic for: Swing Phase

I Make Tea

stance phase

weight acceptance + SL support, 60% of cycle

initial contact →

heel strike

loading response →

foot flat

midstance →

midstance

terminal stance →

heel off

preswing →

toe off

initial swing →

acceleration

midswing →

midswing

terminal swing →

deceleration

initial contact / heel strike

• first double stance, initial weight shift

• joint angles:

  • hip = 20 degrees flexion

  • knee = 5 degrees of flexion

  • ankle = 0 degrees

loading response / foot flat

• body weight continues to shift over stance leg

• joint angles

  • hip = 20 degrees of flexion

  • knee = 15 degrees of flexion

  • ankle = 5 degrees of plantar flexion

midstance / midstance

• end of double stance

• joint angles

  • hip = 0 degrees

  • knee = 5 degrees of flexion

  • ankle = 5 degrees of dorsiflexion

  • MTP = 0 degrees

terminal stance / heel off

• initiation of forward propulsion, lateral tilt decreasing w/opposite weight shift

• joint angles

  • hip = 20 degrees of extension

  • knee = 5 degrees of flexion

  • ankle = 10 degrees of dorsiflexion

  • MTP = 30 degrees of extension

preswing / toe off

• forward propulsion ends

• joint angles

  • hip = 10 degrees of extension

  • knee = 40 degrees of flexion

  • ankle = 15 degrees of plantar flexion

  • MTP = 60 degrees of extension

double stance

both LEs on ground, 20% of gait cycle

initial swing / acceleration

• swing advancement begins

• joint angles:

  • hip = 25 degrees of flexion

  • knee= 60 degrees of flexion

  • ankle = 5 degrees of plantar flexion

midswing / midswing

• no acceleration/deceleration

• joint angles:

  • hip = 25 degrees of flexion

  • knee = 25 degrees of flexion

  • ankle = 0 degrees

terminal swing / deceleration

• second double stance

• joint angles

  • hip = 20 degrees of flexion

  • knee = 5 degrees of flexion

  • ankle = 0 degrees

joints in the pelvis

• lumbosacral

• sacroiliac joint

• pubic symphysis

lumbosacral (angle/degrees)

• normal angle: 30 - 40 degrees

  • higher/increases = increased lumbar lordosis

  • lower/decrease = decreased lumbar lordosis

lumbosacral (joint motions)

• flexion + extension

• rotation

• lateral flexion

sacroiliac joint motions

• nutation

• counternutation

nutation

• sacral flexion; superior portion of sacrum rotates anteriorly + inferior portion rotates superiorly

  • trunk flexion or hip extension

  • anterior pelvic tilt