Labs vocab (A&P)

Cytoplasmic inclusions are

Clusters of materials being temporarily stored (e.g., glycogen)

(notes: cytosol, cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are main components of cytoplasm)

membrane proteins: integral and peripheral are located where?

integral is integrated into the membrane lipids

peripheral found along the surface

passive transport is described as substances moving ___ their gradient because no energy is required.

down

interphase:

mitosis:

cytokinesis:

non-divding phase

division of nucleus

division of cytoplasm

Mitosis results in…

two genetically identical cells called daughter cells, created from the parent cell

mitosis is divided into 4 stages, which are

Prophase (chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope breaks down)

Metaphase (chromosomes align along equator of cell)

Anaphase (sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell)

Telophase (nuclear envelopes re-form, chromosomes decondense)

what happens in prophase (in mitosis)?

chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope breaks down

what happens in Metaphase (in mitosis)?

chromosomes align along equator of cell

what happens in Anaphase (in mitosis)?

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

what happens in Telophase (in mitosis)

nuclear envelopes re-form, chromosomes decondense

S phase and interphase is when…

DNA is replicated

Purines are

double-ringed bases used for building blocks of DNA and RNA

What bases are considered purines?

adenine and guanine

(hint: Pure As Gold)

somatic cells are…

cells used for reproduction (ex: skin, muscle, brain)

germ line cells…

produce cells for sexual reproduction called gametes (ex: sperm and egg cells)

Centrosome

organizes microtubules and helps with cell division

Cilium

moves substances across the cell surface

Microtubules where?

microtubules help with what?

tiny protein structures inside cells

cell shape, movement of materials, and cell division.

Cristae

folds of inner membrane that increases surface area for ATP production

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids

Intermediate filament

provides strength and stability

Lysosome

breaks down waste and damaged cell parts

Microfilament

helps with cell shape and movement

Microvillus

increases surface area for absorption

Nuclear pore

controls what enters and leaves the nucleus

Nucleolus

makes ribosomal components

Peroxisome function?

breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies substances

peroxisome location vs lysosome location?

peroxisomes often near ER and mitochondria

lysosomes often near the golgi apparatus

peroxisome size compared to lysosome?

peroxisome are slightly smaller than lysosomes

Rough ER (RER)

makes and transports proteins

Secretory vesicle of Golgi apparatus

carries substances to plasma membrane to be secreted

Smooth ER (SER)

makes lipids, detoxifies, and stores calcium

vesicles are

are small membrane-bound sacs that move materials around the cell

Endocytic vesicle?

specific vesicle formed when cell membrane brings something inside cell

Cis-face of Golgi apparatus

(think of location & make sure it matches with image)

receives vesicles from the ER

Trans-face of Golgi apparatus does what?

(think of location & make sure it matches with image)

sends processed materials out in vesicles

Abdominal cavity contains mainly

stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys

peritoneum…

lines abdominal/pelvic cavic (protects many organs)

transverse mesocolon

attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall

directions and locations of ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colons?

ascending goes up on right side

transverse goes across

descending goes down on left side

transverse colon function?

absorbs water and electrolytes and moves fecal material toward descending colon

parietal peritoneum

lines wall of abdominal cavity

visceral peritoneum?

covers organs inside the abdominal cavity

sagittal plane is a…

vertical plane that divides body into left and right portions

frontal (coronal) plane?

divides body into front and back

transverse plane?

divides body into top and bottom

oblique plane?

divides the body at an angle (not horizontal or vertical)

transumbilical plane?

median plane?

horizontal line throguh the umbilicus (belly button)

vertical line through midline

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Anterior

front

Posterior

back

Medial

Towards midline

Lateral

away from midline

Ventral

front/belly side

Dorsal

back/spine side

Cephalad

towards head

Caudal

towards tail

Trunk

all the human body except the head and limbs

Proximal

closer to trunk

Distal

farther from trunk

Dorsal cavity location & contains?

along back/spine + contains brain and spinal cord

Ventral cavity location & contains?

along the front/belly + contains many organs like heart

Cranial cavity location & contains?

inside the skull & contains brain

Vertebral cavity location & contains?

inside the vertebral column & contains spinal cord

chromosome is a

molecule of DNA wrapped around proteins and contained in eukaryotic cells nucleus

Sister chromatids

One of two identical copies of a chromosome produced by DNA replication and attached to each other at the centromere

Osmotic pressure changes when the

concentration of nonpermeable solutes changes

Nonpermeable solute concentration is the amount of

dissolved substance that cannot cross the cell membrane

Higher nonpermeable solute concentration does what to water?

increases amount of water that will cross the membrane

protein channel create passageway for…

mostly ions and small water-soluble molecules (that can’t easily pass through the fatty membrane)

central vacuole (plant cells) is…

centrioles (animals) are…

large, fliud-filled sac for storing water and metabolites

2 short cylinders of proteins that help organize microtubules

Osmosis =

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

tonicity?

ability of a solution to change the volume/pressure of cell by osmosis

Pinocytosis

phagocytosis

cellular drinking

cellular eating

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are both forms of active transport called endocytosis which is

where a cell uses energy to bring materials inside

substances that use facilitated diffusion are

polar, charged (ions), or larger substances

(ex: Na+, glucose)

when do below open?

Ligand-gated channel →

Voltage-gated channel →

Leak channel →

opens when a chemical binds

opens when there is a change in voltage

always open (ions continuously leak through)

glycoproteins are commonly found on…

the cell membrane and help with cell recognition and communication

Axial portion =

Appendicular portion =

Thoracic portion =

center

limbs

chest

biopsy?

taking a SMALL piece of tissue and examining it usually with a microscope

Histological section

thin slices of tissues viewed using a microscope

in epithelium, apical surface is

opposite of apical surface is…

exposed to the environment (lumen of a hollow organ)

basal surface