Unit 3 Flashcards

Catabolic

Hydrolysis reactions; exergonic

Anabolic

Dehydration synthesis reactions; endergonic

Competitive Inhibitors

Molecules that have similar structure to a enzymes substrate and bind to the active site in order to inhibit the substrate and thus enzyme activity. This inhibitor is dependant on substrate concentration

Non-competitive inhibitors

Inhibitors that bind somewhere outside the active site, causing the active site itself to change structure thus causing the substrate to be unable to bind to the enzyme at all.

Light Dependant Reactions

a catabolic process occuring in the thylakoid where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen as a byproduct 

LDR Step 1

sunlight hits electrons exciting them, causing the the electrons to orbit photosystem II and spin faster

LDR Step 2

photolysis occurs, breaking H2O to oxidize it by using light energy

LDR Step 3

electrons from H2O are transported through electrons carrier in the thylakoid membrane to NAD+, causing it to reduce

The Calvin Cycle

an anabolic process where a series of chemical reactions occur in the stroma, using energy from the previous reaction (ATP and NADPH) to convert carbon dioxide into glucose and other organic molecules such as ADP and NAD+

TCC Step 1 - Carbon Fixation

An enzyme called RuBisCo captures carbon dioxide and attaches it to a molecule called RuBP

TCC Step 2 - Reduction

ATP and NADPH are used to convert the RuBP molecules into a three-carbon sugar called G3P

TCC Step 3 - Regeneration

Some of the G3P molecules are used to remake RuBP and the rest are used to build glucose and other sugars

Cellular Respiration

the process of converting chemical energy stored in glucose into ATP, the cell’s primary energy source, through three stages

Glycolysis

first stage of CR occuring in the cytosol, where glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, ATP is produced, and NAD+ is converted into NADH

• Pyruvate oxidation also occurs, where the two pyruvate produced in the process goes into the mitochondrial matrix and his converted into Acetyl CoA

Citric Acid Cycle

second stage of CR occuring in the mitochondrial matrix, where the Acetyl CoA made in pyruvate oxidation goes through a series of chemical reactions, oxidizing and producing ATP, NADH, FADH2

Electron Transport Chain

The final stage of CR occuring in the inner mitochondrial matrix, with the energy from NADH and FADH2 being used to generate ATP by passing electrons down a series of embedded proteins that then powers the pumping of protons from into the intermembrane space. Oxygen is final electron acceptor, combining with protons in the matrix to form H2O

• Chemiosmosis occurs, a process where protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase. This powers powers the enzyme ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP from ADP + P_{i ,}known as oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidation

A process where molecules lose electrons

Reduction

a process where molecules gain electrons

Anaerobic respiration

a type of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen, generating ATP by breaking down glucose with alternative electron acceptors instead of oxygen. Glycolysis is the only process to occur, as it can function both aerobically and anaerobically.

• lactic acid forms in animals, and ethanol forms in plants