immunology 1

The first line of defense used by the immune system is (are)

physical barriers

monocyte

large granular lymphocyte

kills virally infected cells and tumor cells

nk cells

cd marker on helper t cells

cd4

primary function of eosinophils

suppression of inflammatory response

primary phagocytosis leukocyte

neutrophil

interact with larval stage of helminth parasites

basophil

have high concentration of histamine in granules

basophils

do t cells synthesize antibodies

no

membrane marker cd4

helper t cells

elevated lymphocytes indicate

viral infection

Which line(s) of defense of the immune system is (are) classified as part of innate immunity?

both the skin and mucosa and phagocytic cells that kill pathogens

which is part of humoral immunity

B cells and antibodies

Which immune component requires activation and is essential for the role of intracellular-mediated immunity?

T cell

Which statement about skin and mucosal surfaces is false?

Mucus is difficult for the body to produce, so it is rarely flushed away and replenished.

Which of the following leukocyte type is correctly matched with its description?

Eosinophil – granulocyte that makes up 2% to 4% of total white blood cells and plays a role in defense against parasitic worms

The white blood cell that is the largest of the leukocytes and makes up 3% to 8% of the total white blood cell population is the  _________.

monocyte

A function of the innate immune system is  ____________________.

first recognition and destruction of pathogen, while alerting the adaptive immune system.

During the first adaptive immune response towards an antigen, what happens to T and B cells? 

They are activated and specific B and T cell clones proliferate in response to the antigen (this also known as clonal selection)

From the choices listed below, which of the following is NOT considered an example of lymphoid tissue?

microbiotia

Which of the following immune system organs listed below is (are) the most important secondary lymphoid tissue(s) that play a role in lymphocyte (immune cell) activation and form the connection between the circulatory system and the lymphatic system?

lymph nodes

Example Case Study: A healthy 28-year-old male suffers an unfortunate motorcycle accident. During the accident, he suffers a ruptured spleen, and as a result, a splenectomy is performed to remove the damaged organ. What type of pathogen will he be more susceptible to without a spleen?

encapsulated bacteria in the bloodstream

Autoimmune diseases occur when cells of the adaptive immune system are able to recognize ___________.

self molecules or antigens

Antigens are identified only by the humoral immune response and not the cell-mediated immune response.

false

Myeloid progenitor cells divide and differentiate into different white blood cells associated with innate immunity.

true

Mature T cells and B cells have the ability to circulate through both the lymphatic and circulatory systems.

true

Which type of immune cells are phagocytic and is long-lived, inhabiting specific organs and body areas.

macrophages

Once macrophage and neutrophils recognize pathogens, these cells can engulf pathogens by phagocytosis.

true

Most lymphocytes in the body reside in lymphoid tissue not the bone marrow.

true

Choose the best response: What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid tissue? 

Primary lymphoid tissues are where lymphocytes develop and mature, while secondary lymphoid tissues are where mature lymphocytes become activated in response to antigens.

The fall of smallpox began with the realization that survivors were ______ to this disease for the rest of their lives

immune

in asia, the discovery of immunity led to this practice that exposed a healthy person to infected material to produce a mild disease that would provide future immunity

variolation

inoculated her children with smallpox

lady mary montagu

in 1796, this person invented the first vaccination with cow pox

ed jenner

this person shared his knowledge of immunity with minister cotton mather in massachussetts

onesimus

the ability to resist disease

immunity

kochs postulates

mediated by mechanisms responding to pathogenic stimuli in a non-clonal manner to foreign antigens

innate immunity

▪ Physical barriers

▪ Chemical barriers

▪ Genetic barriers

first line of defense

▪ Inflammatory response

▪ Protein Signaling, Interferons, Cytokines

▪ Phagocytosis

▪ Complement

second line of defense

the result of response by the Ag-specific clones of T and B lymphocytes to an Antigen (Ag), including the development of immunological memory

acquired immunity

B and T lymphocytes (specific to antigens), antibodies, cytotoxicity,

protein signaling

▪ Organs & Cells of the Immune System

third line of defense

bone marrow and thymus

central lymphoid organs

Lymph Nodes (LNs)

▪ Spleen

▪ Tonsils

▪ MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the GI tract, respiratory

system, thyroid, breast, salivary glands, eye & skin)

peripheral lymphoid organs

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the GI tract, respiratory

system, thyroid, breast, salivary glands, eye & skin

MALT

hematopoiesis & B cell differentiation

bone marrow

t cell differentiation

thymus

developmental process that continually generates blood cells (erythrocytes, megakaryocytes and leukocytes)

hematopoiesis

the non clonal eradication of the pathogen

innate immunity

lymphoid progenitor cell

myeloid progenitor cell

Skin

• Mucosal epithelia (respiratory, gastro-intestinal, urigenital)

• High temperature

physical barriers

pH and acids

chemical barriers

• Enzymes

• Inflammation/ Inflammatory peptides (acute-phase proteins) – causing

inflammation from the liver

• Blood cell-mediated reactions (innate immune cells)

▪ Bone marrow

biological barriers

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, mast cell

granulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

agranulocytes

All the white blood cells can move like an amoeba and can migrate out of blood vessels into the

surrounding tissues

true

◼ Most common leukocyte, (60-70% of the total amount of white blood cells).

◼ Multi-lobed nucleus, light granules

◼ 1st to arrive at site of inflammation

◼ High #’s is 1st indication of infection

◼ Phagocytize damaged tissue and bacteria

◼ Generate antimicrobial agents, lysosomes, glycoproteins and gelatinase

◼ short lived

neutrophils

◼ Approx 1% of white blood cells

◼ Nonphagocytic, exist only for a few hours

◼ Have IgE receptors when activated release granules

◼ Play a role in allergic reactions: release of prostaglandins, serotonin, heparin and

histamine help to increase blood flow to the area of damage

basophils

◼ Similar to basophils but larger and play a role in development of allergies by binding to

IgE

◼ Found in connective tissue and have long life span (9-18 months)

◼ Granules contain acid and alkaline phosphatase, and proteases

mast cells

◼ Arise from monocytes, additional differentiation/cell division occurs in tissues

◼ Macrophages (unlike monocytes) – no peroxidase

◼ Have specific names according to tissue location

◼ Phagocytosis of microbes, tumors, parasites, secrete cell mediators, act as APC (antigen-

presenting cell)

◼ Activated by cytokines (immune cell mediators)

macrophages

• Are constitutively produced by liver

• Are constitutively present in the blood, lymph & extracellular fluids

• ‘Tag’ pathogens for phagocytosis or affect them directly

complement

destroy virally infected cells

NK cells

ANY human cells infected with a virus can respond by secreting this

o Receptors are constitutively expressed on all cells

o facilitates killing of the infected cells by NK cells

type 1 interferon

◼ Macrophages are the first responders (phagocytosis)

◼ Synthesis of cytokines, Stimulating the liver, promoting chemotaxis of neutrophils to the center of infection Growth Factors for bone marrow

◼ Acute-phase proteins + Complement system

◼ Tagging the pathogen for phagocytosis, Lysing the pathogen, Bone marrow

◼ More macrophages and neutrophils

response to bacteria

◼ Complement system

◼ Virolysis + Neutralization (Abs-mediated)

◼ Type I interferon: Activation of the NK cells, Increases expression of ligands on the infected cells specific to the receptors on the NK cells

◼ Destroy the virally infected cells

response to virus

complement system: virolysis and Abs mediated neutralization

extracellular phase of virus response

type 1 interferons activate NK cells and inc expression of ligands on infected cells

NK cells destroy virally infected cells

intracellular phase of virus response

mediated by Abs secreted by Plasma cells in response to a

specific Ag

humoral immunity

mediated by two types of T cells: (i) TC cells, which directly destroy

pathogenic cells and (ii) TH cells, which secret regulatory cytokines coordinating the function of

all immunocompetent cells

cellular immunity

one of five classes, or isotypes of Immunoglobulins

IgG

a specific ‘immune’ protein produced by Plasma cells

of the B cell lineage. Could be expressed on the cell membrane (as a B cell

receptor) or released into lymphatic fluid or blood (as antibody)

immunoglobulin

is an immunoglobulin produced by Plasma cells in response

to an antigenic stimulus and released from the cell

antibody

any molecule (derived from any pathogen, commensal

organism, and even self tissues) that triggers the immune response

antigen

multipotent hemopoietic stem cell can become

myeloid or lymphoid precursor

myeloid precursor can become

megakaryocyte, ER, mast cell, or myeloblast

lymphoid precursor can become

NK cell or lymphocytes

myeloblasts can become

basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte

lymphocyte can become

T or B cell

B cells can become

plasma cell

monocyte can become

macrophage and dendritic cells

lymphocytes, T cells, B cells, plasma, and dendritic cells

blood cells in adaptive immunity

mast cell, NK cells, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage

blood cells in innate immunity

phagocytose antigen and

present it to T cells (T helper cells)

dendritic cells

antimicrobial substances secreted by epithelial cells

defensins

secreted by epithelial cells

defensins and lysozyme

degrade pathogen proteins

proteases

degrades bacterial cell wall

lysozyme

____ pH of skin, stomach, and vagina deter microoorganisms

low

disrupt pathogen membranes

recognize microbial molecules, signal cells to secrete immunostimulatory cytokines

toll like receptors

Which of the following is not a method of protection

found in mucosal surfaces

high ph

cells of innate immunity

monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, nk cells

ehrlich

humoral immunity

metchnikoff

cellular immunity

macrophages are ____ in the blood

monocytes

Phagocytes have ______ that recognize either an

opsonin or molecular pattern on pathogen surface

pattern recognition receptors

phagosome fusion with lysozyme produces

phagolysosome