(2) COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience

Cognitive Neuroscience

• Def. Studies how does Brain and Aspect of the nervous system connected or linked to the cognitive processing and Behavior.

Localization of Function

• Refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills or behaviors.

• Facts about particular brain areas and their function are interspersed throughout this chapter and also throughout the whole book.

Nervous System

• is the basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with

  the world around us

Basal Ganglia

• Central for “Motor Function”

• Part of the “Forebrain”

• A Collection of Neurons

Parkinson’s Disease

• What you can acquire if you have a deficit when it comes to basal ganglia?

Limbic System

• Learning, Emotion, and Memory.

• Central for "“Emotion”.

• Instinct and survivability

Limbic System

Part of the the forebrain that is for “Suppressing Instinctive Response” (e.g., the impulse to strike someone who accidentally causes us pain).

Septum

Part of the forebrain that Involves in anger and fear

Amygdala

• Important also in emotional regulation, particularly anger and aggression.

• Enhances the perception of emotional stimuli

Hippocampus

• Part of the forebrain

• Memory Formation

• Greek work “Sea Horse” Because of its shape.

• Flexible in learning and spatial memory

Hippocampus

A damage to this part of the brain is that you can still have the memory of your old friends but you cannot form new memories.

Korsakoff Syndrome

• A disease that produces loss of memory function.

It is believed caused by hippocampus deterioration and lack of (B1) Thiamine

And can caused by excessive alcohol use, dietary deficiency, and eating disorder.

Korsakoff Syndrome

symptoms include apathy, paralysis of muscles controlling the eye, and Tremors

Apathy - not caring about the others (feeling nothing)

Tremor - uncontrolled shaking

Declarative Memory

What type of memory does deterioration in hippocampus directly targetted?

Remember that deterioration to Hippocampus does not target the procedural memory

Thalamus

• Part of the forebrain

• relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons

  that project to the appropriate region in the cortex.

Thalamus

Part of the forebrain that is for sorting information, the arrangement of informations needed a division of smaller number of nuclei (groups of neurons of similar function). Each nucleus receives information from specific senses.

Thalamus

When the ____ malfunctions, the result can be pain, tremor, amnesia, impairment of language, and disruptions in waking and sleeping

Thalamus

There is a changes in this brain in connection to schizophrenia, why there is a hallucinations and delusions. What part of the brain is this (Hint: Part of the Forebrain)

Hypothalamus

• regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating. (F3 M)

• also helps regulate emotions and react to stress

Narcolepsy

Hypothalamus is reall important when it comes to sleep so the dysfunction of the hypothalamus can result in what disorder?

Hypothalamus

Part of the brain that is also important for stimulating the “Pituitary Glands” and “Endocrine System" (for producing hormones)

1. Hypothalamus

2. Cerebral Cortex

3. Basal Ganglia

4. Thalamus

5. Hypothalamus

6. Amygdala

7. Septum

Parts of the Forebrain

1. Superior Colliculi

2. Inferior Colliculi

3. Reticular Activating System (RAS)

4. Gray Matter

5. Red Nucleus

6. Substantia Nigra

7. Ventral Region

Parts of the Midbrain

1. Cerebellum

2. Pons

3. Medulla Oblongata

Parts of the Hind Brain (CPM)

Reticular Activating System

• Part of the Midbrain

• is a network of neurons essential to regulating consciousness, including sleep; wakefulness; arousal; attention to some extent; and vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing (Sarter, Bruno, & Berntson, 2003).

Brain Stem

• Part of the Hindbrain

• Connects forebrain to the spinal cord

Medulla Oblongata

• Part of the Hindbrain

• controls heart activity and largely controls breathing, swallowing, and digestion.

• Controls “Involuntary”

Pons

• Part of the hindbrain

• contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to

  another.

• Its name derives from the Latin for “bridge,” as it serves a bridging function.

Cerebellum

(from Latin, “little brain”) controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone, as well as some aspects of memory involving procedure-related movements

Parkinson’s Disease

Damage to hindbrain “cerebellum” can create what disease?

Cerebral Cortex

• Part of the Forebrain

• plays an extremely important role in human cognition. It enables

  us to think.

Amygdala

Part of the Forebrain

Definition: enhances emotional stimuli — on how we react externally and internally to our environment.

Thalamus and Reticular Activating System (RAS)

These part of the brain is very essential to our consciousness and awakefulness for our very existence.

Brain Stem

Connects forebrain to the spinal cord

Medulla Oblongata

It controls primarily the Heart beat and Breathing

Swallowing and Digestion

Medulla Oblongata

This part of the brain is also contains RAS what makes up alive.

What makes the right nerves to cross over to the left brain and left brain to the right nerve

Part of the Hind brain

1. Sulcus

2. Fissures

3. Gyrus

3 parts of the cerebral cortex that is in the surface determined as wrinkles and about 1 to 3 millimeter layers

1. Gray Matter

2. White matter

1. The exterior part of the cerebral cortex is known as?

2. And the Interior part is known as?

Corpus Callosum

This part of the brain where it serve as the connections of hemispheres of the cerebral cortex (Right and left hemis)

Definition: Band of Neural Fibers — if this part is cut the two hemispheres cannot communicate with each others.

Broca’s Area

What area did Paul Broca identified that the damage of the left hemisphere resulted in a Aphasia (loss of speech) — what part of the left hemisphere did Paul mean?

Marc Dax

Who treated 40 patients suffering from Aphasia (loss of speech) ?

Paul Broca

Who is the french scientist who find out that the speech loss or aphasia is particularly on the left hemisphere of the brain and directly on the Broca’s Area?

Carl Wernicke

He is a neurologist who study language deficient patient who can speak but does not have any sense, and trace it back to the left hemisphere.

Broca’s Area

Part of the left hemisphere that contributes to speech

Wernicke’s Area

Part of the left hemisphere that contributes to Language Comprehension

Karl Spencer Lashley

He is the father of neuropsychology and studies Built Electrodes

Split Brain Patients

Severing corpus callosum

Right Hemisphere

What hemisphere is for manipulating Spatial Visualization?

Apraxia

Since the left hemisphere is also for movement, if damage it can cause disorder of skill movement.

such as inability to form letters handwriting

Left Hemisphere

What hemisphere is for examining past experiences to find patterns.

Right Hemisphere

This hemisphere is largely mute

Little understanding of Grammatical and Phonetic

It has a Good Semantic Knowledge

1. Spatial Visual Ability

2. Semantic Knowledge

3. Practical Language

4. Self Recognition

What are the abilities of Right Hemisphere?

1. Cannot follow conversation

2. Make Inferences from context

3. Lack of understanding of Metaphorical and Humorous Speech.

What are the deficiencies of Right Hemisphere?

Frontal Lobe

Lobe of the brain that is for for Motor Processing and High Though Processing such as:

1. Abstract Reasoning

2. Problem solving

3. Planning

4. Judgement

Prefrontal Cortex

Part of the Frontal Lobe that is for complex motor control and tasks and require integration of information over time.

Primary Motor Cortex

The frontal lobe contains of this — for planning, controlling, and execution of movement and movement of any kind of delayed response.

HOMUNCULI

There is a mapping in the primary motor cortex of the brain known in the Latin Word “Little Person” this serve as a map of where exact part of the brain controls the movement of the body.

Parietal Lobe

What lobe is associated with Primary Somatosensory Cortex?

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

This senses of parietal lobe receives the information of the sense about pressure, texture, and pain. (A cortex)

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

When it is electrically stimulated part of the brain is that you feel like you are being touched

Temporal Lobe

This lobe is also for retaining visual memory and auditory

Contralateral

Temporal is what lateral? when the sounds go to the other ear they are equals

Projection Areas

This is an area in the brain where the sensory processing occurs this area are send to the thalamus

1. Rostral

2. Ventral

3. Caudal

4. Dorsal

_______refers to the front part of the brain (literally the “nasal region”).

_______ refers to the bottom surface of the body/brain (the side of the stomach).

______ literally means “tail” and refers to the back part of the body/brain.

_____refers to the upside of the brain (it literally means “back,” and in animals the back is on the upside of the body).

Neurons

Transmits electrical signals from one location to another of the nervous sytems

Soma

Part of the cell which is on the center and contains nucleus and perform metabolic and reproductive functions of the cells.

It also connects dendrites to axons

Part of a neuron cell where it can defines as long thin tube that extends and splits to the soma and transmit electrochemical signals through the terminus (end of the cell) where signals can be transmitted to the other neurons.