7 [Age/Sex Differences], 8 [Psychology], 9 [Basic Nutrition]

Gold standard for determining biological age

Skeletal age assessment

Peak height velocity

The age at maximum rate of growth during puberty. Also the age during puberty with highest risk of injury due to rapidly changing body dimensions.

(early/late) specialization is better for kids

late

Muscle Quality

Quality = Peak force / CSA

Strength differences between sexes

Absolute: Men > Women

Relative (UE): Men > Women (broader shoulders support more muscle and MA)

Relative (LE): Men = Women

Relative (FFM): Men = Women

Muscle Quality: Men = Women

Female Athlete Triad

Relationship in female athletes between energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density.

Amenorrhea

Absence of menstrual cycle > 3 months w/o pregnancy

Muscle strategy for balance/gait involves _____ and _____

Preactivation: Stiffening of muscles prior to ground contact, utilizing the stretch reflex

Cocontraction: Contraction of agonist and atagonist muscles around a jt. to stabilize and reduce contact forces

*Older adults tend to overrely on cocontraction, indicating a need for preactivation training

“Preactivation” Training

Low-intensity plyos, balance/stabilization, proprioception training

Responsiveness to Resistance Training in Older Adults

Because of the deconditioned state of most sedentary older adults, strength/coordination gains early in the program can be very large and relatively rapid.