social behaviours

decreased personal accountability

people feel their actions are less noticeable in a group leading to reduced moral inhibitions.

influence informative

when individuals look to others for guidance in uncertain situations beleiving that the group has more accurate information

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

anti social behavior

behavior that either damages interpersonal relationships or is culturally undesirable

pro social behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

social responsibility

the obligation of a person to contribute to society

reciporcity

a mutual exchange b/t what we give and receive----for example, liking those who like us

personality characteristics

factors that help explain differences in how individuals respond differently to stressors

social influence kelman 1958

a framework for social influence explaining how individuals conform to social norms or adopt the behaviors beliefs or attitudes of others.

compliance

agrees with others outwardly not privately. a temporary influence done by a presence of social pressure or authority

identification

adopting behaviours or beleifs of a group or individual beacuase they want to establish or maintain a relationship with them they may genuinely beleive in these ideas but the beleif is tied to their connections with the influence. is longer lasting but susceptable to change if the relationship shifts.

Internalisation

A deep type of conformity where we take on the majority view because we accept it as correct. It leads to a far-reaching and permanent change in behaviour, even when the group is absent.

Obedience (Milgram)

Looks at environmental factors; how to explain specific instances of inhumane and immoral behavior; ordinary people without AP do inhumane things to other people in particular environments-when authority figure tells them to;

aim milgram expeirment

to see how far individuals would go in obeying an authority figure even when asked to perform actions that conflict with their conscience.

milgram experiment set up

participants who believed they where apart of a memory excercise where instructed to administer increasinlgy intense electric shocks to another person whenever they made an error.

Milgrim sample

40 males aged 20-50
recuited through ads in newspaper

milgrims findings

65% of particapants went to highest voltage

ethical concerns milgrim

deception psychological harm

conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

normative influence

conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance privately may disagree

Cultural Factors

collectivist cultures may encourage conformity more than individualist cultures

group size

larger groups increase conformity to a point. anonymity can reduce conformity in larger groups

deindivation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Line Judgement Study

Asch (normative influence)

6 confederates, one real participant; confederates start out picking right line, then pick same wrong line; the real participant picked the same answers as the rest of the group half the time (50%)

results

75% of participants conformed to the incorrect group at least once.

audience inhibition

not helping another person because of a fear of appearing foolish in the presence of others

social influence

the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual

cost-benefit analysis

a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good

groupthink

A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts

Smoke-filled room study latane darley

-Bystander Invention: Interpreting if it is an EMERGENCY
-Method: People filling out questionnaire, smoke fills room from beneath waiting room door

smoke filled room results

control group 75% reported smoke
testing group 10% reported

bullying

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.

Reciprocity

mutual exchange

Social Responsibility

societal expectations that individuals should help others who are dependent on them or less able to help themselves/ moral obligation

Personal Characteristics

empathy
mood
competence

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others