Geog - Unit 1

what are the 2 types of crusts?

oceanic and continental

which of the 2 crusts is up to 100m thick

continental

which of the 2 crusts is 0-20km thick

oceanic

which of the 2 crusts is more dense

oceanic

which rocks do each of the crusts contain?

oceanic: basaltic

continental: granite (+ rocks with minerals like quartz)

what is the name of the fast cooling, dark colored rock that is also in oceanic crusts?

basaltic rock

name the parts of the earth’s cross section (bottom to top)

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

what type of current is caused by circulating magma in the mantle?

convection currents

whats the name for the earth’s crust and the very top layer of the manly?

lithosphere

whats the name of the upper part of the mantle.

asthenosphere

why is the asthenosphere called viscous (vis-us)

it is a layer of a very hot rock, bc of the heat it becomes thick and is able to flow slowly

the earth’s crust is made of different ______ plates

tectonic

the pressure from overlying materials and the radioactivity of the materials in the core (such as uranium) causes _______

the earth’s core to be very hot

what are the 4 types of tectonic plates?

destructive (convergent), constructive (divergent), conservative, collision

define tectonic plates

pieces of the rocky outer layer of the earth, known as the crust

what plates are constantly moving?

tectonic plates

where are volcanoes and earthquakes commonly found?

at plate boundaries, where tectonic plates interact with eachother

where are volcanoes and earthquakes commonly found?

at plate boundaries, where tectonic plates interact with eachother.

explain why volcanoes occur along the destructive plate boundary?

plates move towards each other, the oceanic pate subducts under the continental plate bc of its heavier. the oceanic plate melts and creates magma which leads to an increase in pressure, causing a volcanic eruption.

in which type of tectonic plates do plates move apart?

constructive

in which type of tectonic plates do plates move towards eachother?

destructive

in which type of tectonic plates do plates move past eachother?

conservative

in which type of tectonic plates do plates collide?

collision

in which 2 types of tectonic plates can volcanoes be formed?

destructive and constructive

how are earthquakes formed in destructive plate boundaries?

the subduction zone causes friction between the plates.

what type of currents move the plates apart in constructive plate boundaries?

convection currents

how are volcanoes formed in a constructive plate boundary?

new land is formed and magma rises to fill the space left by the separated plates.

how are earthquakes formed in conservative plate boundaries?

pressure between the plates build as they get stuck alongside each other, once the pressure is released, this can cause a large earthquake.

the upward movement in collision plate boundaries creates ____ ________

fold mountains

why are the plates forces upwards in collision plate boundaries?

bc they are the same density

how are earthquakes formed in collision plate boundaries?

the friction caused by the plate movement can cause earthquakes

whats the name of this plate boundary?

destructive

whats the name of this plate boundary?

constructive

whats the name of this plate boundary?

conservative

whats the name of this plate boundary?

collision

what are the 4 parts of an earthquake?

the focus, epicene, seismic waves, shockwaves

what is the point inside the crust where pressure is released?

the focus

whats the name for the point on the earth’s surface above the focus?

epicentre

what type of waves spread out from the focus?

earthquake energy is released in ______ waves.

seismic

what is the name for stored energy released in powerful waves from the focus?

shockwaves

whats the difference between shockwaves and seismic waves?

shockwaves - powerful waves of pressure caused by a sudden release of energy (like an explosion).

seismic waves- waves of energy that travel thru the earth during an earthquake

what does this diagram show

earthquake distribution

what machines measure earthquakes and record the shaking on a graph?

seismometers

what scale measures the magnitude (strength) of an earthquake?

richter scale

what scale is this?

the richter scale

what is a tsunami?

a large sea wave caused by the displacement of a large volume of water

how are tsunamis created at destructive plate boundaries?

when 2 plates move towards eachother, one sinks beneath eachother. the friction causes an earthquake. the earthquake makes the ocean floor suddenly move up, the ocean floor pushes water up.

water is ______ in a tsunami creating a wave which ____ out. as the water approaches the shore, the wave height ______ and the wave length ______.

displaced, spreads, increases, decreases.

what happens to the speed of the wave created in a tsunami?

the speed decreases (the wave slows down) bc the water becomes shallower.

what is the name for a spot where hot magma rises through the earth’s crusts, causing volcanic activity.

a hotspot

how do volcanoes form chains?

the plume stays in the same place but as plates move over the hotspot, volcanoes form chains.

what do social impacts directly impact?

people’s daily lives

what do economic impacts directly impact?

the wealth of an area

what do environmental impacts directly impact?

the landscape

earthquakes are caused by the release of ______ ___________ at plate margins.

built-up, pressure

what is the name for things that happen immediately as a result of an earthquake?

primary impact

what is the name for things that happen in the hours, days and weeks after the initial earthquake?

secondary impacts

______ impacts happen bc of ______ impacts.

secondary, primary

what type of response describes actions taken immediately after a distaster.

short term response

what type of response describes actions taken over a long period after a disaster.

long term response

what are the 6 factors that can affect an earthquake?

the size of the earthquake on the richter scale, level of development, depth of focus, distance from epicenter, population density, time of day

what are the 3 p’s

prediction, protection, and preparation

which of the 3 p’s means knowing where and when the earthquake will occur and how powerful it is?

prediction

which of the 3 p’s means building a physical structure which can reduce damage?

protection

which of the 3 p’s means educating people about hazards and training them on what to do?

preparation

an example of _______ is that some scientists believe that animals act strangely before an earthquake occurs.

prediction

an example of _______ is automatic window shutters on buildings to protect glass from shattering .

protection

an example of ________ is practicing emergency and evacuation procedures.

preparation

3 features of a hazard resistant building design includes:

1) Rubber _____-_______ to absorb earth ______.

2) ________ window shutters to prevent falling ______.

3) _____ areas where people can ______ if evacuated.

1. shock-absorbers, tremors

2. automatic, glass

3. open, assemble

how many plates meet at the pacific ring of fire and why can it lead to frequent earthquakes?

several plates meet, the subduction causes friction and pressure

2 immediate examples of an earthquake?

buildings and roads damaged, people died

2 physicals causes of the 2011 tōhoku earthquake and tsunami: the earthquake occurred at a _______ plate boundary, where the _______ plate is being subducted beneath the Okhotsk plate. The plates become _______ due to ______, causing pressure to build up until it was suddenly released, producing a powerful _______.

destructive, pacific, locked, friction, earthquake.

give 2 social impacts and their consequences: homes and schools

homes were damaged, leaving many people homeless and living in temporary shelters.

schools were damaged, so students couldn’t attend school normally.

2 economic impacts and their consequences: factories and infrastructure

factories were damaged, causing businesses to close and workers to lose income.

infrastructure was damaged, costing lots of money to repair.

how did the tsunami and earthquake affect coastal settlements: (3)

________ were flooded.

______ and _______ were swept away.

_______, vehicles and boats were destroyed.

settlements, homes, buildings, roads.

2 immediate responses: search and rescue, emergency shelters

search and rescue teams were sent out.

emergency shelters, food and water were provided

why did the tsunami cause more damage?

the tsunami affected a _____ _________ area. huge ______ flooded _________ and swept away buildings, vehicles and infrastructure. this caused many ______ and ___________.

large coastal, waves, settlements, deaths, homelessness.

give 2 long term responses: sea walls, infrastructure

sea walls were improved to reduce future tsunami damage.

infrastructure was rebuild to help communities recover.

technology helped the incident by:

_____ - ________ systems warned people.

earthquake - resistant buildings _______ damage.

______ were automatically stopped.

early warning, reduced, trains

why were the impacts of the 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami severe? : earthquake, tsunami, fukushima

the earthquake was extremely powerful (magnitude 9.0), the tsunami was huge and overwhelmed some defenses. the fukushima nuclear accident caused environmental impacts (coastal impacts were exposed).

3 effects of the fukushima incident:

tsunami flooded the _____

______ systems failed (and backup generators)

_______ melted down and released __________.

plant, cooling, reactors, radiation

2 environmental impacts: radioactive material, coastal ecosystems

radioactive material contaminated air, soil and water.

the tsunami damaged coastal ecosystems and polluted the sea.

what are 3 features japan had that made them prepared?

earthquake resistant buildings, warned systems, evacuation drills.

where are sea walls built along and what do they protect from what?

sea walls are built along the coast to protect coastal areas from the sea.

what are the 2 types of volcanoes?

composite and shield

after the oceanic crust sinks beneath the continental crust (destructive plate boundary), how is a volcano formed?

the oceanic crust sinks into the mantle, it created magma, which forms a volcano

where are composite volcanoes found? (which plate boundary?)

destructive

where are shield volcanoes found? (which plate boundary?)

constructive