Repro Male

male functions

• formation of sperm

• deposition of sperm

spermatogenesis

• sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules

• transported through the rete testes to the epididymis where they are stored and matured

testes

• produce spermatozoa

• seminiferous tubules are convoluted and occupy the greatest portion of each testicle

  • produce spermatozoa

• tunica albuginea

  • connective tissue capsule that surrounds the testicle

    • deeps to tunica vaginalis

sertoli cells

• secrete testicular fluid into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

• sustentacular cells

• provides a nurse function for developing spermatozoa

• processes surround spermatids and spermatocytes and provide intimate contact with all stages of spermatozoa production

• basal junction

  • tight junction

  • forms a blood-testis barrier with adjacent sertoli cells

leydig cells

• found in the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules

• responsible for testosterone production

epididymis

• collection and storage tubule for the testis

• head, body, and tail

• head receives sperm and fluid through efferent ducts from the rete testis

• rete testis

  • intratesticular network of straight tubules that receives content from the convoluted seminiferous tubules

• spermatozoa are moved here by the flow of fluid into the lumen of the seminiferous tiles

• storage allows the spermatozoa ro reach maturity and become motile

• reabsorption of much of the seminiferous tubular fluid occurs in the head of the epididymis

ductus (vas) deferns

• continuation of the duct system form the tail of the epididymis to the pelvic urethra

• the spermatic cord 

  • vas deferens encoded along with the testicular artery vein, nerve, and lymphatic vessels

  • passes through inguinal rings

  • vas separates from the spermatic cord to proceed to the pelvic urethra

• terminates with an enlarged, glandular area

  • ampulla of the ductus deferens

components of the spermatic cord

• vessels, nerves, lymphatics, vas

cremaster muscle

• an extension of the internal abdominal oblique muscle

• lies on the spermatic cord and assists with drawing the testes closer to the abdominal wall

• temperature regulation

visceral vaginal tunic

• inner tube of peritoneum 

• the testis, epididymis, vas, testicular vessels, nerves, and lymphatics are involved by this

parietal vaginal tunic

• outer tube of peritoneum

• lines the scrotum

descent of the testes

• embryonic development

  • testes are intraabdominal but outside of the peritoneum

• gubernaculum testis

  • fibrous connection to the scrotum

• development and growth

  • the gubernaculum pills the tests through the inguinal canal into the scrotum that creates a double walled tube of peritoneum 

  • the proper ligament of testis and ligament of tail of epididymis are remnants of gubernaculum testis 

accessory sex glands

• provide secretions that empty into the pelvic urethra near their origin

• the secretions are mixed with sperm and fluid from the epididymis to form semen at the time of ejaculation

ASG ampulla of the vas

• enlargements of the terminal part of the vas and their secretion empties into the lumens of the vas

• reservoir for sperm

ASG vesicular glands

• seminal vesicles

• paired glands that empathy in to the pelvic urethra along with the vas

ASG prostate

• encircling the urethra

• multiple ducts empathy directly into the urethra

ASG bulbourethral glands

• cowper glands

• paired glands are the most caudal

penis anat

• roots

  • cura

  • begin at the caudal border of the pelvis ischial arch

• body

  • forward extension from the roots

• glans

  • free extremity

  • head

• corpus spongiosum

  • surrounds urethra

    • on the ventral aspect of the body

corpus cavernosum

• erectile tissue

• occupies internal structure

• cavernous tissue that fills with blood during erection

tunica albuginea

• dense fibroelastic covering

• surround the corpus cavernosum and also contributes to the connective tissue sheets found within it

musculocavernous penis type

• more cavernous space and less connective tissue

• characteristic of the horse and dog

• during erection the influx of blood causes increases in length and width of cavernous spaces

fibroelastic penis type

• less cavernous space and more connective tissue

• ruminant and pig

• increases in length due to a straightening of the sigmoid flexure

prepuce

• invaginated fold of skin that surrounds the free extremity of the penis

• stallion

  • double folded

• boar

  • preputial diverticulum on the doral wall

  • contains decomposing urine and macerated epithelium 

coitus

• locking phase

• the tie 

• bulbus glandis at the caudal part of the glans

• the enlargement of the bulbus glandis is responsible for prolonged retention of the penis during coitus

• contraction of muscles in the vestibule of the female caudal to the bulbus glandis assisi this retention in the vagina

leydig hormonal control

• produce testosterone

  • maintains spermatogenesis within seminiferous tubules

• low testosterone

  • stimulates anterior pituitary

  • releases luteinizing hormone

  • stimulates leydig cells to make testosterone 

• presence of testosterone inhibits the further secretion of LH and testosterone levels are stabilized 

  • negative feedback system

sertoli hormonal control

• anterior pituitary

  • releases follicle stimulating hormone

  • promotes support of sperm cells

  • produce inhibin

    • inhibits secretion of follicle stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary 

    • negative feedback 

testosterones roles in the body

• maintenance of libido

• reilates secretory activity of the accessory sex glands

• secondary sexual characteristics

  • increase bone growth

  • greater muscling

  • thicker skin

  • deeper voice

• fetal development

  • female reproductive tract is default

  • when testosterone is produced wolffian ducts from

    • precursor to the male reproductive organs

  • regression to the mullerian ducts