Biological Molecules

Monomer

A building block, usually referring to the same type of ‘block’ that makes up something larger

Carbohydrates

Provide energy and structural support(Cell wall)

Fiber

A carbohydrate that prevents constipation

Glucose

Bread, rice, and pasta (also used to make ATP)

Fructose

Found in fruits

Galactose

Found in vegetables and dairy

Disaccharide

Two sugars combined together by a glycosidic bond

Maltose

Glucose and glucose

Sucrose

Glucose and fructose

Polysaccharides

More than 10 sugars combined together by a glycosidic bond

Dehydration Synthesis

Two monomers joining together by removing a water molecule

Hydrolysis

Two monomers disconnecting by adding a water molecule

Lipids

Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

Saturated fats

Single bonds connecting elements, extremely packed

Unsaturated fats

Mixture of single and double bonds connecting elements, less packed

Proteins

Large and complex polymer molecules made up of long chains of amino acids

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins, with 20 different types

Dipeptide

Two amino acids combined together

Peptides

Two dipeptides combined together

Polypeptide

Long unbroken chain of peptides

Primary structure

Polypeptide chain

Secondary structure

Polypeptides in coils or sheets

Tertiary structure

Coils or sheets form a tangle

Quaternary structure

More than one tangle combine to make a very complex protein

Fibrous proteins

Parallel polypeptide chains held together by cross-links, forming long, rope-like fibers

Globular proteins

Spherical shape caused by tightly folded polypeptide chains

Denaturing proteins

Breaking the bonds that maintain a protein's shape, causing it to stop working properly

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Directs and controls all activities of cells in an organism

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Helps in the process of protein synthesis

Nucleotides

Building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Base pairing rule

Adenine binds with Thymine (A-T), Guanine binds with Cytosine (G-C)

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules made up of nucleotides, containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur