Lecture One: Anotomical terms And Homeostasis

Words Origins and Combinations

English Greek And Latin comparisons

Under=hypo= sub all have the sam meaning

Hypogastric= Subgastric

Substances and Colors

Coll=glue (collagen)

Cyano=Blue (Cyano-tic)

Descriptions and directions

Brady= slow (Brady-cardia) ex Brady was slow at baseball practice

Ab= away (ab-duct)

Tacky

Fast

common suffixes :itis

Inflammation ex bronchitis

Common suffixes

ic,ac,ary,ous, pertaining to (apne-ic,cardi-ac,cutane-ous)

Pertaining to

Being relevant or related to something

Patent= open hole

The structure that helps maintain a patent airway is the cartilage rings and plates

Body Positions

Anatomical Position

Standing up straight, arms are facing out to make bones parallel

Adducted: arms are added back to body

Prone Position

face Palming to bed = Prone position

Supine position

Will most likely see in nursing, patient laying on their bad on their back

Semi Fowler position

Kinda like a dentist position 15-45 degree angle

Fowler position

Low Fowler position

What is this position

Fowlers

What is this position: Trendelenberg

trendelenburg

Regional names

Dorsal surface is back= ie dorothy turned her back on Steve

Ventral Surface is the front of the body = ie veins get blood taken away from the front of our bodies

The human body is divided up into several major regios that can be identified externally (5 regions)

The regions consist of

• Head

• Neck

• Trunk

• Upper limb

• Lower Limb

D→ Vertex

crown of head at the very top where a crown would be placed

D→ Occiput

Back of head

D→ Auris

Ears

D→ Omo

Shoulder

D→ Brachuim

Arm ie often broken brachuims

D→ Axilla

Armpit rmbr doc

D→ Lumbrus

Loin→ Kidney area back

D→ Anti-Brachuim

Forearm under elbow

D→ femur

Thigh

D→ Poples

Hamstring or Ham which is behind knee

D→ Crus

Leg ie Jesus legs crossed while crucified

D→ Calx

Heel ie calluses forming behind heel after wearing new shoes

V. Caput

Head

Cranium

Forehead

Oculus

eyes

Naris

Nose

Os

Mouth

Facies

Face

Collumn Cervix

Neck

Pectus

Chest ie pecs

Thorax

Where sternum lays

Latus

Flank, right by floating ribs

cubitus

Elbow

Carpus

wrist ie carpal tunnel

Organa Genitalia

Genital Organs

Genu

Knee

Pes

Foot

Navel Umbilicus

Abdomen

Ingueen

Groin

Coxa

Hip ie cóccix

extremistas Superior

upper extremity

Extermitas inferior (V)

Lower Extermity

Describe the of one body part relative to another and often grouped in pairs with opposite meanings

Superior/inferior

Anterior/ postérgala

Medial/lateral

Proximal /distal

Superficial / deep

Planes and sections

Parts of the body can be studied in relation to planes imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Body Split into Two halves (front and Back)

Sagital/Longitudinal Median Plane

2 halves but this time Right and Left

Midsagittal Plane

If the saggital plane is split perfectly in half

Parasagital Plane

para means near so a plane that is near the half but not exactly midsaggital

Axial,Cross,Trasnsverse Plane

Top half, and bottom half

How are Chest x rays taken

Chest x rays are obtained in PA view (post anterior) viewed as if facing the patient

MRI And CT Scans

Are viewed as f pt were in supine position, and you are looking at them from feet towards the head Caudal to Cranial View is transverse, cross and axial plane

Fassa

A depression on body ie back of knee, skin is pushed in due to depression this si called the Popliteal fassa

Rostral (think of nostril) And Caudal

Rostral means toward the nose or head, while caudal means toward the tail or tailbone these terms are often used in embryology and neurology

Body Cavities

Organs that move are pushed into body cavities

What are body cavities lined with

Body cavities are lined by a serous membrane (watery eg white consistency) this secretes serous fluid and consists of two layers

Parietal Layer

outermost layer that Adheres to the cavity wall

Visceral Layer

innermost layer directly touching organ (adheres to the surface of the organ)

1) the Cranial cavity consists of

Brain and spinal cord

2) The Pericardial cavity consist of

The Heart only

3) Pleural Cavity Consists of

Lungs Only

4) What does the Peritoneal Cavity (Abdominopelvic)Cavity consist of

1)GI (digestive organs under diaphragm)

2)Urinary organs

3)Reproductive Organs

Body Cavities Concept

Must understand

Concept of potencial spaces

The concept of "potential space" refers to two main ideas: in anatomy, it's a physical space between tissues that can expand to hold fluid or air, such as the pleural cavity around the lungs,

are potencial spaces that Have potencial to be filed with fluid, blood or air, resulting in death or disease

Body Cavities

Due to accumulation of blood, fluid or pus in pericardial cavity

Cardiac Tamponade

Due to accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, may be caused due to punctures in cavity

Pneumothorax

due to accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity also known as abdominopelvic

Ascites

Can be used to locate deep organs. It is the basis for physical assessment

Surface Anatomy

Ribs and intercostal spaces

Thoracic Landmarks

Fun fact 1-5 Thoracic Landmarks are key for breath sounds

Abdominal quadrants (4)

1) right upper quadrant

2) Left upper quadrant

3) Right lower quadrant

4)Left lower quadrant

Abdominal regions

Surface anatomy

Practice on whiteboard

Abdominal Regins

Deep structures

Practice on whiteboard

Appendicular VS AXIAL

BONESSS

Practice on whiteboard

Homeostasis

Homeostasis comes from homeo= sameness and statis= means standing still

Hyperglycemia

Too much glucose

“A self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.”

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is an envelope (range) of internal conditions that support life

Virtually every parameter in the body (e.g., temperature, pH, ion concentration, blood pressure, serum glucose levels, etc.) must remain within a narrow range (envelope) that is compatible with life

Departures from the homeostatic envelope can lead to disease or even death!

External pertubations

External perturbations that disrupt homeostasis may include extremes in environmental temperature or oxygen levels in the atmosphere

internal Pertubations

that disrupt homeostasis may include the sugar in the food we eat or the waste products of metabolism

Homeostasis is Dynamic

Homeostasis is considered dynamic because

the internal body environment is not static but requires continuous monitoring and adjustment to maintain a stable, although fluctuating, balance within a narrow range of conditions, like temperature or blood sugar levels

Dynamic

Constantly changing within limits

Ex: body temperature, blood glucose, and pH fluctuate but are kept within a normal range

what participates in homeostasis

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Systems

What are the two key systems that maintain homeostasis

Nervous system

Endocrine system

Nervous system

How it works: Uses electrical impulses (nerve signals) to send messages quickly.

Effect: Produces rapid responses to restore balance

Example: If your body temperature rises, the nervous system signals sweat glands to cool you down.

Endocrine system

How it works: Uses hormones (chemical messengers carried in the blood) to communicate with target organs.

Effect: Produces slower but longer-lasting responses.

Example: If blood sugar is high, the pancreas releases insulin (a hormone) to lower it over time

Nervous Vs Endocrine

Nervous system = fast, short-term corrections (electrical signals).

Endocrine system = slower, longer-term corrections (hormones).

Feedback systems (Feedback Loops)

cycle of events in which body conditions are

Monitored

Evaluated

Changed

Re-monitored

two types of feedback Systems

Positive

Negative ( most feedback loops are neg)

variable ( Controlled condition)

Variable( controlled condition)

Ex: Body temp, Blood sugar lvls, BP

Effector

Effector receives signals from control center aka variable effector directly alters that variable ex: direct effect

In NEG: Brings variable right back to its desired range (set point) to where we want it in homeostasis; this usually deprives the the system of the stimulus

In POS: it exaggerates the deviation Variable) in that set point so we are actually exaggerating the stimulus until a unique event occurs and resets the whole system