Chemistry - Everything to Memorise

Unit 1, Unit 4, Unit 8

Flame Test - Lithium

Crimson flame

Flame Test - Sodium

Yellow flame

Flame Test - Potassium

Lilac

Flame Test - Calcium

Orange-red flame

Flame Test - Copper

Green flame

Sodium Hydroxide Test - Ca, Mg, Al

White precipitate in excess

Sodium Hydroxide Test - Cu (II)

Blue precipitate

Sodium Hydroxide Test - Fe (III)

Brown precipitate

Sodium Hydroxide Test - Fe (II)

Green precipitate

Silver Nitrate Test - Chloride ions

White precipitate

Silver Nitrate Test - Bromide ions

Cream precipitate

Silver Nitrate Test - Iodide ions

Yellow precipitate

How to test for sulfate ions?

Add sulfate ions, acidify sample with dilute HCL to remove interfering carbonates, then add barium chloride (BaCl2), white precipitate indicates its presence

Hydrogen Test

Use a lighted splint at the end of a test tube. A squeaky pop indicates its presence.

Oxygen Test

Use a glowing splint into the test tube, if it reignites, oxygen is present

Chlorine Test

A damp litmus paper becomes bleached and turns white in the presence of chlorine

Carbon Dioxide Test

Bubble or shake the gas through calcium hydroxide (lime water), it turns white and cloudy in its presence

Noble Gases - Group 8 or 0

• Unreactive due to stable configuration of electrons

• All have full outer shells

• Boiling point increases down the group as atoms are larger

Group 1 - Alkali Metals

• Lithium, sodium and potassium all react with oxygen to make metal oxide, metal chloride and metal hydroxide as well as hydrogen gas

• Reactivity increases down the group as outer most electron gets further from the nucleus

Halogens - Group 7

• Shares one pair of electrons when react with non-metal

• Relative molecular mass increases down the group

• Melting & boiling points increases down the group

• Reactivity decreases as the electrons are further from the nucleus

• A more reactive halogen can redisplace a less reactive halogen

Transition Metals vs Group 1 Metals

Group 1 Metals:

• Low melting & boiling points

• Low density, soft

• Very reactive

• 1+ charge white compounds

• Not used as catalysts

Transition Metals:

• Forms coloured compounds

• Forms ions with different charges

• Everything else is the opposite of Group 1