Exam 2 - Pathology

Respiratory Acidosis

confusion, headache, muscle weakness, dyspnea

cause: increased co2

compensation retain bicarb, remove hydrogen.

Respiratory Alkalosis

dizziness, confusion, seizures, tetany

cause: decreased co2.

compensation: self limiting, renal system may produce bicarb if prolonged.

Metabolic Acidosis

cause: decreased bicarb

compensation: remove co2, remove hydrogen, retain bicarb

Metabolic Alkalosis

tetany, cramps, paresthesia, light head, seizures

cause: too much bicarb

compensation: remove bicarb, retain co2, retain hydrogen

Hypernatremia

thirst, dry mucous membranes, restlessness

cause: high sodium

increased osmolarity, water leaves cell, cell swells

Hyponatremia

seizures, coma, respiratory arrest

cause: low sodium

decreased osmolarity, water into cell, cell swells

Hypokalemia

low potassium

causes: diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, alkalosis

symptoms: cramps, constipation, shallow breathing, arrythmias

Hyperkalemia

high potassium

causes: kidney failure, acidosis, transfusions

symptoms: muscle weakness, paralysis, arrythmias, nausea

Hypocalcemia

low calcium

cause: hypoparathyroidism, vit d deficit

symptoms: cramps, tetany, hyperreflexia, Chvostek

Hypercalcemia

high calcium

cause: hyperparathyroidism, excess vitamins

symptoms: hyporeflexia, constipation, stones

Hyperaldosteronism

causes metabolic alkalosis

Hypoaldosteronism

causes metabolic acidosis

Natural Killer lymphocytes

destroy foreign cells, virus infected cells, and cancer cells

Monocytes

white blood cell, migrate from blood into tissues to become macrophages

B lymphocytes

humoral immunity activated cell that becomes an antibody producing plasma cell or memory cell

T lymphocytes

white blood cell involved in cell mediated immunity, differentiated in thymus

Neutrophils

white blood cell for phagocytosis, nonspecific disease, active in inflammatory process

autoantibodies

antibodies against self antigen, attacks bodys own tissues

Thymus

gland located in mediastinum, site of proliferation and maturation of t lymphocytes

Eosinophils

white blood cells that participate in allergic responses

mast cells

release chemical mediators

antibodies

specific protein made in humoral response to bind with antigen

Macrophage

active in phagocytosis, process and present antigens to lymphocytes for immune response

autoimmune

self antigen

alloimmune

antigens from another person

isoimmune

maternal

Type 1

allergen. IgE production, mast cells, re exposure, histamine release, inflammation

Type 2

Cytotoxic reaction: antibodies bind to antigens on cells, causing destruction

ex.) incompatible transfusions, organ transplant

Type 3

Antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, causing inflammation. SLE and RA

Type 4

Delayed response mediated by T cells; not antibodies. contact dermatitis, graft rejection, TB skin test