Unit 4: Motivation

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Instinct Theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.

Evolutionary Theory

A theory presented by the naturalist Charles Darwin; it views the history of a species in terms of the inherited, adaptive value of physical characteristics, of mental activity, and of behavior.

Drive Reduction Theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Need (physiological)

Biological requirement for survival

Drive

(Physiological)

internal state of tension that motivates behavior to satisfy a need

Homestasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

optimal arousal theory

A theory of motivation stating that people are motivated to behave in ways that maintain what is, for them, an optimal level of arousal

yerks Dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

mallows hierarchy

A theory that arranges the five basic needs of people—physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization—into the order in which people strive to satisfy them

physicological needs

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

safety needs

security, safety

belongingness and love needs

need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation

esteem needs

need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation

self acualization needs

the pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of one's unique potential

Lewis motivational conflict theory

Lewin's Motivational Conflict Theory - A theory that describes how individuals face stress when making decisions between conflicting motivations, categorized into approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance conflicts.

approach approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

avoidance avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

approach avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

body chemistry

any or all of the elements that make up the body as well as its

various reactions.

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics

Gherlin

hormone produced by your stomach when your hungry

orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

leptin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

PYY

digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

lateral hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

ventromedial hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating.

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

metabolic rate

the rate at which the body uses energy

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

causes of anorexia

overly critical parents, perfectionist tendencies, societal ideals

causes of bulimia

-Depression and anxiety

-Low impulse control

-Lack stable sense of personal identity

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

social networking pros and cons

Social networking connects people globally, provides access to information, and offers opportunities for business and collaboration. However, it also poses privacy risks, can negatively impact mental health, and may lead to addiction or misinformation.

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

TAT Test

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

High Achievement Motivation

Setting challenging but realistic goals

Low Achievement Motivation

Setting goals so difficult it is impossible to achieve OR setting goals so easy it is impossible to fail

Grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Task Leadership

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

Social Leadership

group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Theory X

assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from above.

Theory Y management

manager gives employees responsibility, looks for input. Good for high level jobs

3 pronged emotions

Emotions have a three-pronged structure: physiological response, cognitive appraisal, and behavioral expression. Physiological responses involve bodily reactions like a racing heart, while cognitive appraisal is how we interpret the situation. Behavioral expression includes outward displays like facial expressions, tone of voice, or actions.

Yerks-Dodson Law of Arousal

these conflicting results could be explained by accuracy increasing as anxiety raises due to attention, to a point at which anxiety becomes too high and more stress results in lower accuracy.

Polygraph Tests

records autonomic fluctuations

nonverbal communication

communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech

how culture influences expression

Culture shapes emotional expression by influencing how, when, and to what extent people display their emotions based on social norms and expectations.

two way streets of emotional expression and emotional feeling

Emotional expression and emotional feeling are interconnected, with emotional expression often influenced by how we feel and, in turn, affecting how we experience emotions. The way we express emotions can reinforce or alter our emotional state, creating a dynamic interaction between inner feelings and outward behaviors.

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

catharsis

a release of emotional tension

happiness

the state of being happy

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

general adaptation syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

tend and befriend

under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

physchophysiological illness

literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

opponent process theory of emotion

following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counters the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion; on repeated occasions, the opposing emotion becomes stronger

adaptation level phenomena

our tendency to judge various stimuli in comparison with our past experiences (explains why we can be happy with something new at first but then we get used to it)

relative deprivation principle

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

James lange theory

the theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment. Arousal comes before emotion

cannon bard theory

theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions

schachter two factor theory

theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal