Biology Final: RNA and Protein Synthesis

What is the difference between DNA and RNA? Whats the same?

DNA

- deoxyribose sugar

- double stranded

- has Thymine

RNA

- Ribose sugar

- single strand

- Uracil instead of Thymine

A, C, G

What happens in transcription of DNA to RNA?

segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules.

A segment of DNA opens up and RNA polymerase copies it to mRNA

What happens in translation?

mRNa goes out of the nucleus

rRNA attaches to start reading it and making ribosomes

tRNA comes in while rRNA reads mRNA to bring amino acids

What does mRNA do in translation?

mRNA makes the complimentary codon from the piece of DNA and leaves the nucleus to go to the rRNA with the information

What does rRNA do in translation?

Help make up ribosomes, which is where the protein is created

What does tRNA do in translation?

The bond with mRNA to make amino acids and then carry them to the rRNA

How to make mRNA from a template DNA strand?

G - C

C - G

A - T

T - A

What is a codon?

group of 3 mRNA bases

Read together

What is a anticodon?

group of 3 nucleotides that are complementary to the mRNA but are made into tRNA (amino acids)

How to read square codon chart

How to read circle codon chart

What are the different types of point mutations and what do they do?

Silent point mutation - one nucleotide is changed but it doesn't make a difference in the amino acid

Missense - one nucleotide is changed and it changes one amino acid

Nonsense mutation - initiates the stop amino acid and the protein can't be made

What is a frameshift vs. a point mutation?

Amino acid is added or removed and it affects the entire sequence

One amino acid is changed and it only affects the codon

What would make a bigger difference, a frameshift or point mutation?

Frameshift because it affects the whole thing

Which nitorgen base pairs up with each base? DNA vs. RNA

A - T

C - G

A - U

T - A

C - G