CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE: URINARY PH

(metabolic) (respiratory) (acid-base status of

the body) (bicarbonate ions.) (acidosis or alkalosis) (acidic urine) (Crystals and stones) (medications) (UTI) (acidic level) (long-standing urine) (alkaline pH) (4.5 to

8.0.) (proliferation of

bacteria) () () () () () () () ()

WHY IS THERE A NEED TO EXAMINE URINE PH?

• Aids in determining the presence of a systemic acid-base

disorder and knowing whether the disturbance is

(________) or (__________) in origin.

o Kidneys function to regulate the (______________) through the secretion of hydrogen (H+) ions

and the reabsorption of (____________)

o By doing this mechanism, the kidneys are able to

adjust the acid-base status of the body, and avoiding

the (_________/_______) state of the body (both of

which are considered to be abnormal)

• Helps guide the management of many urinary tract

conditions which require urine to be maintained at a

specific pH.

o Because bacteria cannot thrive in an (______)

o (_______/_____) in the kidneys form optimally in

certain pH levels.

o One way of treating these conditions is by controlling

the pH of urine through some (_________) to avoid

crystal formation

o There are a lot of bacteria that can cause (___) but

there are certain bacteria that thrive in alkaline pH,

and one way to prevent their growth is to keep the

urine pH at an (________)

o The (_________) or a urine that hasn't been

processed for a long period of time will have an

(_______). the urine is not fresh anymore and is

subjected to recollection.

• The pH of most random samples can range from (_______)

o If the pH is too high it can cause (__________) as a result.

• Diet

• Medication

• Body metabolism

What Influences Urinary pH

(Double indicator system) (Methyl Red) (Bromthymol

Blue.) (orange to

green to blue. (pH 5.0 -9.0)) ((pH 4-6)) (RED

to YELLOW) ((pH 6-9)) (YELLOW) (BLUE)

(GREEN) (BLUE) (Midstream, Clean-catch urine) (no

damage) (spill) (not defective) (color changes) (adjacent pads) (old

specimens.)

(• Nitrites

• Leukocytes

• Microscopic examination) (60 seconds) (120

seconds) () () () ()

REAGENT STRIP METHOD

Principle;	(_______)
Indicator	• (_______) and (___________) o Indicators methyl red and Bromthymol blue are used to give distinct color changes from (_____________) • Methyl red pH range from (_______) o Color change is from (_________) • Bromthymol Blue pH range from (pH 6-9) o Color change is from (________) to (_______) or (________) to (________)
Specimen	(_____________, ___________)

Equipment and Materials	• Specimen Container o Make sure that there is (____) and double check it before collecting the urine. As there is a possibility that after collecting the sample, it may (______), so make sure that it is (________) • Reagent Strip o used in the testing; the reagent strip bottle that the strip came with is also needed because the color chart to be used later to compare the (_________) in the reagent strip pads are found on the bottle
Sources of error/interference	No known interference, except when there is runover from (________) and (_______)
Correlation to other test

Reading time	• pH – (________) • Leukocyte esterase - (_______)

(FRESH) (bottle and replace cap)

(entire length of the strip) (HORIZONTAL) (Compare pH) (report form.)

REAGENT STRIP METHOD PROCEDURE

1 • Collect (_______) urine sample in a clean, dry

container. Mix well immediately before testing.

2 • Remove one strip from the (_____&____).

Completely immerse reagent areas of the

trip in urine and remove immediately

3 • While removing, Run the edge of the (__________) against the rim of the test tube

to remove excess urine. Hold the strip

(____________) position.

4 • (________) area to the corresponding color

chart on the bottle label after 60 seconds

5 • Record your result on the (_______)

(FRESH) (Completely) (Run) (Compare) (60 seconds)

REAGENT STRIP METHOD PROCEDURE

1 • Collect (______) urine sample in a clean, dry

container.

2 • Completely (_______) areas of the strip

in urine and

• remove immediately.

3 • (______) the edge of the entire length of the strip

against the rim of the test tube to remove excess

urine. When there is excess urine, it would run

over the pH pad

4 • (________) the color chart on the bottle label after

(_________)

Procedure notes

• The pH area measures pH values generally to within 1

unit in the range of 5.0 to 8.5 (depends on the brand).

pH readings are NOT affected by variations in the

urinary buffer concentration and protein concentration

however, erroneous results can occur from pH

changes that may be due to:

o Improper storage of specimen with bacterial

proliferation (falsely increase pH)

▪ If the urine is not properly preserved and is

left on the counter standing for several hours,

bacteria can multiply and proliferate and

cause the urine pH to become high or

alkaline.

o Contamination of the specimen container

before collection (falsely increased or

decrease pH depending on the agent)

▪ Chemicals may have been used to clean the

specimen container

▪ Depending on what kind of chemical was

used, the pH can be falsely acidic or falsely

alkaline.

o Improper reagent strip technique, causing the

acid buffer from the protein test pad to

contaminate the area (a falsely decreased pH)

▪ Many brands put the pH and the protein pads

next to each other

▪ Avoid sample run over at all costs, because

the chemicals that are impregnated in the test

pad for protein makes the test pad very acidic

▪ A specimen runover from the protein pad

into the pad for pH can result in a falsely

acidic pH reading.