Neurology and Endocrine Systems Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the neurology and endocrine system lecture notes.

Motor Neuron

Carry signals from the CNS to muscles or glands to cause a response.

Sensory Neuron

Carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).

Interneuron

Connect sensory and motor neurons and process information within the CNS.

Neuron

A specialized nerve cell that functions as the body’s information messenger.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers released by neurons to communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands across a synapse.

Multiple Sclerosis

Loss of myelin sheath, leading to weak muscles, paralysis, and relapsing symptoms.

Alzheimer's

Loss of brain cells, leading to severe memory loss.

Parkinson's

Loss of dopamine-producing cells, resulting in tremors and difficulty moving and speaking.

ALS

Death of motor neurons but doesn't affect sensory or mind.

Huntington's

Hereditary autosomal dominant gene causing death of brain cells and uncontrollable movements.

Epilepsy

Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain causing seizures or temporary unresponsiveness.

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that release their product through ducts to the outside of the body or into a body cavity.

Thyroxine Control

Releases TRH which acts on pituitary to release TSH , which acts on thyroid to release T3 and 'T4 which act on tissues to increase metabolic rate

Type 1 Diabetes

Autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

Type 2 Diabetes

The body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough insulin.

SVC & IVC

Bring deoxygenated blood to the Right Atrium.

Capillaries

One cell thick to allow for diffusion.

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

Prevents backflow of blood between the Left Atria and Ventricle.

Artery

Thick muscle, Connective tissue , Elastic fibers.

Veins

Thinner walls ,Less connective tissue, Less elastic fibers , Have one way valves to prevent backflow.

Systolic pressure

Higher pressure caused by the blood being pushed out of the left ventricle into the aorta.

Diastolic Pressure

Lower pressure when the heart is relaxed and the blood is not pushing against the artery walls.

First Sound

The atrial valves closing = tricuspid and mitral.

Second Sound

The valves to the pulmonary artery = pulmonary valve and aortic artery = aortic valve snapping shut

Echocardiogram

An ultrasound to check the heart’s actions.

EKG

To check the electrical activity of the heart.