foundations of kinesiology

palmar

the palm of the hand

scapular upward rotation (example)

inferior angle moves laterally and upward

ankle pronation (example)

combined dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction

anatomical position

standing erect, feet together, head/eyes/toes pointing forward, arms by the side, palms facing forward

prone

lying face down

supine

lying on your back

superficial

toward the body's surface

deep

away from the body's surface

plantar

the sole of the foot

proximal

closer to point of attachment

distal

farther from point of attachment

varus

distal segment angled inward (bowlegged)

valgus

distal segment angled outward (knock-kneed/potty dance)

what does the sagittal plane divide

left and right halves of the body

what does the frontal (coronal) plane divide

front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves of the body

what does the transverse plane divide

upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves of the body

what is the oblique (diagonal) plane

a combination of more than one plane; most athletic movements occur here

mediolateral axis

aka pitch/flip axis, movements like flexion and extension occur here

anteroposterior axis

aka roll/cartwheel axis, movements like abduction and adduction occur here

longitudinal axis

aka yaw/twist axis, movements like internal and external rotation occur here

flexion

decreases joint angle

extension

increases joint angle

abduction

limb moves away from midline

adduction

limb moves toward midline

internal (medial) rotation

rotation toward midline

external (lateral) rotation

rotation away from midline

circumduction

circular/conical movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (shoulder, hip, ankle, fingers)

shoulder/hip horizontal abduction (example)

away from midline in transverse plane

shoulder/hip horizontal adduction (example)

toward midline in transverse plane

scapular elevation (example)

raising the shoulder girdle

scapular depression (example)

lowering the shoulder girdle

scapular retraction (example)

movement toward spine

scapular protraction (example)

movement away from the spine

scapular downward rotation (example)

inferior angle moves medially and downward

lumbar lateral flexion (example)

bending spine away from midline

lumbar lateral reduction (example)

returning toward midline

radioulnar pronation (example)

radius crosses over ulna. (palm down)

radioulnar supination (example)

radius and ulna parallel (palm uo)

ankle dorsiflexion (example)

decrease angle between foot and shin (toes up)

ankle plantarflexion (example)

increase angle (toes down)

ankle inversion (example)

decrease angle between foot and shin (toes up)

ankle eversion (example)

sole tilts outward

ankle supination (example)

combined plantarflexion, inversion, and adduction

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