DNA and Genetics

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid located in the nucleus allows storage & copy information

Nucleotides

Produce cell proteins

Telomeres

End segments on a DNA strand that allow DNA to be replicated over protected ends

Exons/Genes

Coding segments of DNA that gives us our traits

Introns

Non- coding segments, buffer segment between exons

Epigenome

Covering of the gene will activate/deactivate the gene

Semi Conservative Replication

Helicase enzymes unravel the DNA and pulls it apart, large units (replisomes) act as initiating site RNA is used to begins the processes by RNA primase, DNA polymerase, and is fused DNA ligase

Histones

DNA is wrapped around for protection and organization

Helicase Enzymes

Unravels the DNA pulls it apart and cretes replication bubble, each strand will be used as template (copying strand)

RNA Primers

RNA will be used to begin the processs of SCR and is started by RNA Primase

DNA Polymerase Strand

Begins to construct DNA segments to form new strands one strand will form continuity (lead strand) while other will form segments (lagging strand)

RNA

Responsible for Protein Synthesis made from ribonucleic acid single stranded

mRNA

Copy of DNA made during transcription

rRNA

Ribosome factory site of Protein Synthesis

tRNA

Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the “factory site”

Transcription

DNA is separated by Helicase, RNA nucleotides begin to assemble base pairs for pool, RNA will copy template strands of DNA only

Triplet

Beginning of three nucleotides of DNA

Karyotype

Full set of 23 pairs define us a human

Genotype

Our genetic makeup outlined set of chromosomes create uqieness in indiividual (Can’t change)

Phenotype

Our visible traits/ our visible apperances

Dominant

Always expresses heterozygous lethal dominant genes are not inherited due to fatality of individual before or shortly after birth

Recessive Traits

Homozygous to be expressed recessive disorders are more commonly carried and expressed in this type

Incomplete Dominance

Heterozygous that expresses both traits, recessive trait will be expressed varying degrees, dominant trait doesn’t completely mash the recessive ex: sickles cell trait, achrondroplasia

Polygene Inheritance

Traits are controlled by more than one / two pair of genes; there can be more than one alllele on the same chromosomes that affects the outcome

Allele Inheritance

Inherit more then one pair of alleles more dominant trait can be expressed