NUCLEIC ACIDS & CENTRAL DOGMA

b. Genetics

[OVERVIEW]

Branch of science which studies heredity and inherited traits in general

a. Biochemistry
b. Genetics
c. Molecular biology
d. Microbiology

d. Nucleic acids

[OVERVIEW]

Biomolecules used for storage and transfer of genetic information

a. Proteins
b. Lipids
c. Carbohydrates
d. Nucleic acids

d. Nucleic acids

[OVERVIEW]

Acids that can be found in nucleus

a. Proteins
b. Lipids
c. Carbohydrates
d. Nucleic acids

c. Nucleotides

[OVERVIEW]

Building blocks of nucleic acids

a. Amino acids
b. Monosaccharides
c. Nucleotides
d. Fatty acids

b. Polynucleotide chains

[OVERVIEW]

Just like proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids exist as building blocks called nucleotides or as _______ that can span from a few to as much as million of nucleotides

a. Polypeptide chains
b. Polynucleotide chains
c. Polysaccharide chains
d. Polyester chains

c. ATP

[OVERVIEW]

The almighty nucleotide that is important in its own right

a. GTP
b. CTP
c. ATP
d. UTP

d. Eukaryotes

[OVERVIEW]

The term nucleic acid is easy to comprehend as they are often produced in the nuclei of _____

a. Prokaryotes
b. Archaea
c. Bacteria
d. Eukaryotes

c. Negative charges

[OVERVIEW]

Nucleic acids are acidic due to their

a. Positive charges
b. Neutral charges
c. Negative charges
d. Variable charges

• Phosphate

• Sugar (5C)

• Base (Nitrogenous)

Parts of Nucleotide [3]

b. Nucleosides

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Without a phosphate, nucleotides are just called

a. Nucleosomes
b. Nucleosides
c. Nucleoproteins
d. Nucleoplasm

• Sugar (5C)

• Base (Nitrogenous)

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Parts of Nucleoside [2]

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Figure 12: Structures of the nucleotide bases

• Purine

• Pyrimidine

[NUCLEOTIDES]

2 general structures of bases

a. Purine and pyrimidine
b. Adenine and guanine
c. Cytosine and uracil
d. Thymine and cytosine

• Guanine

• Adenine

📌Mnemonic: “PURGA”

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Purines include____ [2]

• Cytosine

• Uracil

• Thymine

📌Mnemonic: “PYCUT”

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Pyrimidine include ____ [3]

d. Adenine

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Purine with NH₂ group

a. Guanine
b. Thymine
c. Cytosine
d. Adenine

c. Guanine

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Purine with O group

a. Adenine
b. Thymine
c. Guanine
d. Cytosine

c. Cytosine

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Pyrimidine with NH₂ group

a. Uracil
b. Thymine
c. Cytosine
d. Guanine

c. Thymine

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Pyrimidine that has a methyl group (CH₃)

a. Cytosine
b. Uracil
c. Thymine
d. Adenine

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Figure 13: Structures of ribose and deoxyribose

d. Removal of oxygen

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Deoxy means

a. Addition of oxygen
b. Addition of hydrogen
c. Removal of hydrogen
d. Removal of oxygen

a. True

[NUCLEOTIDES]

We can create trans fat (very harmful for CVD health) from cooking oil by using it again and again

a. True

b. False

d. Anion

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Acid becomes _____ when ionized

a. Cation
b. Neutral
c. Zwitterion
d. Anion

c. Cation

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Basic becomes _____ when ionized

a. Anion
b. Neutral
c. Cation
d. Zwitterion

b. "osine"

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Purine nucleosides will end on this suffix

a. "idine"
b. "osine"
c. "oside"
d. "amine"

d. "idine"

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Pyrimidine nucleosides will end on this suffix

a. "osine"
b. "amine"
c. "oside"
d. "idine"

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Table 19: Nomenclature for bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides

[NUCLEOTIDES]

Figure 14: Examples of nucleoside (firsts) and nucleotide (second)

c. N-glycosidic bond

[TYPE OF BOND]

• Connects sugar to base

• Added at 1' prime of sugar

a. Phosphoester bond

b. Phosphodiester bond

c. N-glycosidic bond

d. Phosphoanhydride bond

d. Phosphoester bond

[TYPE OF BOND]

• Connects sugar to phosphate

• Added at 5' prime of sugar

a. N-glycosidic bond

b. Phosphoanhydride bond

c. Phosphodiester bond

d. Phosphoester bond

d. Phosphoanhydride bond

[TYPE OF BOND]

Connects two phosphates

a. Phosphoester bond
b. Phosphodiester bond
c. N-glycosidic bond
d. Phosphoanhydride bond

c. Phosphodiester bond

[TYPE OF BOND]

Connects two nucleotides

a. N-glycosidic bond
b. Phosphoanhydride bond
c. Phosphodiester bond
d. Phosphoester bond

b. 5' end to 3' end

[TYPE OF BOND]

Nucleic acids are read from this end to this end

a. 3' end to 5' end
b. 5' end to 3' end
c. 1' end to 3' end
d. 3' end to 1' end