Unit C: Biology - Parts of the Cell

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14 Terms

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Nucleus

“The Control Centre”

The organelle that controls the functions of the cell

Contains genetic material (DNA or chromosomes)

Directs cellular activities

Parts: Chromatin & nucleolus

<p>“<strong>The Control Centre” </strong></p><p>The organelle that controls the functions of the cell</p><p>Contains genetic material (DNA or chromosomes)</p><p>Directs cellular activities </p><p>Parts: Chromatin &amp; nucleolus</p>
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Nucleolus and Chromatin

Found inside the cells of the nucleus and region where ribosomes are produced

strands that contain genetic material

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Ribosomes

“Workers of the assembly line”

Small granules that are the sites where amino acids are assembled into protein (protein synthesis)

may be attached to endoplasmic reticulum, or free floating in the cytoplasm

found in ALL cells (pro and eu)

<p><strong>“Workers of the assembly line”</strong></p><p>Small granules that are the sites where amino acids are assembled into protein (protein synthesis)</p><p>may be attached to endoplasmic reticulum, or free floating in the cytoplasm</p><p>found in ALL cells (pro and eu)</p>
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Endoplasmic Reticulum

“The Assembly Line”

Series of interconnected small tubes that branch from the nuclear envelope

Transportation of materials

Can be rough or smooth

  • Rough ER: is where ribosomes are attached to the E.R, is associated with protein synthesis (primary production line - makes toys)

  • Smooth ER: is associated with fat and oil production (NO RIBOSOMES)

    accessory production line - makes toy decorations

<p><strong>“The Assembly Line”</strong></p><p>Series of interconnected small tubes that branch from the nuclear envelope</p><p><strong>Transportation of materials</strong></p><p>Can be rough or smooth</p><ul><li><p><strong>Rough ER: </strong>is where<strong> ribosomes are attached to the E.R</strong>, is associated with <u>protein synthesis</u> (primary production line - makes toys)</p></li><li><p><strong>Smooth ER: </strong>is associated with <u>fat and oil production</u><strong> (NO RIBOSOMES</strong>) </p><p>accessory production line - makes toy decorations</p></li></ul>
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Golgi Apparatus

“Packaging Plant”

flat disk shaped sacs involved in secretion

receives substances from the E.R.

and packages them for transport out of the cell (exocytosis)

Lysosomes are also produced here

<p><strong>“Packaging Plant”</strong></p><p>flat disk shaped sacs involved in secretion</p><p>receives substances from the E.R.</p><p>and packages them for transport out of the cell (exocytosis)</p><p><strong>Lysosomes are also produced here</strong></p>
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Lysosomes

“Recycling stations”

membrane bound sacs in which digestion occurs

defense against invading pathogens

destruction of damaged organelles

break done, clean up, and clean items in and around the factory

controlled digestion of certain tissues during development

Salvage any material that cell can use

<p><strong>“Recycling stations”</strong></p><p>membrane bound sacs in which digestion occurs</p><p>defense against invading pathogens</p><p>destruction of damaged organelles</p><p>break done, clean up, and clean items in and around the factory</p><p>controlled digestion of certain tissues during development </p><p>Salvage any material that cell can use</p>
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Mitochondria

“Powerhouse”

rod like structures where reactions occur to convert chemical energy in sugars into energy the cell can use (Cellular Respiration)

energy for muscle contractions, molecule synthesis, and transportation of molecules (active transport)

has 2 membranes (smooth outer, folded inner)

inner membrane have cristae (finger-like projections)

produces adenosine triphosphate = ATP (energy storage unit)

can reproduce in the cell if more energy is needed

C6H12C6 + 6O2 — 6CO2 + 6H2) + Energy (ATP)

<p><strong>“Powerhouse”</strong></p><p>rod like structures where reactions occur to convert chemical energy in sugars into energy the cell can use (Cellular Respiration)</p><p>energy for muscle contractions, molecule synthesis, and transportation of molecules (active transport) </p><p>has 2 membranes (smooth outer, folded inner)</p><p>inner membrane have cristae (finger-like projections)</p><p><strong>produces adenosine triphosphate = ATP </strong>(energy storage unit)</p><p>can reproduce in the cell if more energy is needed</p><p></p><p>C6H12C6 + 6O2 — 6CO2 + 6H2) + Energy <strong>(ATP)</strong></p>
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Vacuole

“Storage warehouse”

Animal cells: membrane bound structures that store nutrients, products of secretion, and fats

Plant cells: the central vacuole contains water increasing tugor pressure

<p><strong>“Storage warehouse”</strong></p><p>Animal cells: membrane bound structures that store nutrients, products of secretion, and fats</p><p>Plant cells: the central vacuole contains water increasing tugor pressure</p>
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Vesicles

“transporter”

small membrane sacs pinched off of the cell membrane

store or transport materials in and out of the cell

<p><strong>“transporter”</strong></p><p>small membrane sacs pinched off of the cell membrane</p><p>store or transport materials in and out of the cell</p>
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Centrioles

Plays a role in cell division

Within the cytoplasm near the nucleus, in animal cells only

<p>Plays a role in cell division</p><p>Within the cytoplasm near the nucleus, in animal cells only</p>
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Cytoplasm

“The Safe Environment”

gel like substance inside the cell membrane contains the nutrients required to carry out the cell functions

organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage

  • Cytoplasm is defined as the fluid-like part of the cell as well as the organelles. Cytosol refers to the fluid part only.

<p><strong>“The Safe Environment”</strong></p><p>gel like substance inside the cell membrane contains the nutrients required to carry out the cell functions</p><p>organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage</p><ul><li><p>Cytoplasm is defined as the fluid-like part of the cell as well as the organelles. <strong>Cytosol refers to the fluid part only.</strong></p></li></ul>
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Cell wall

“Security gate” of the factory

A cell wall is defined as a rigid, external layer that is specifically designed to provide structural support and rigidity. It also keeps the interior components of the cell intact and safe from the external environment

Made of cellulose: a carbohydrate that we cannot digest - gives the plants their structure

<p><strong>“Security gate” of the factory </strong></p><p>A cell wall is defined as a rigid, external layer that is specifically designed to provide structural support and rigidity. It also keeps the interior components of the cell intact and safe from the external environment </p><p>Made of cellulose: a carbohydrate that we cannot digest - gives the plants their structure </p>
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Chloroplasts

A chloroplast is an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.

Green in color because of chlorophyll

<p>A chloroplast is an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.</p><p>Green in color because of chlorophyll </p>
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Cell Membrane (plasma)

“Front Doors” of the factory

Protective barrier for the cell - separates the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) from its environment

Allows transport of needed materials into the cell and waste materials out

  • Made of phospholipid bilayer

  • controls what enters and leaves - is semi and selectively permeable

  • A cell membrane does the same thing for plant and animal cells

    • in plant cells, it is to the inside of the cell wall

    • in animal cells, it is the outermost part of the cell

<p><strong>“Front Doors” of the factory</strong></p><p><strong>Protective barrier for the cell - separates the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) from its environment </strong></p><p>Allows transport of needed materials into the cell and waste materials out</p><ul><li><p>Made of phospholipid bilayer</p></li><li><p>controls what enters and leaves - is semi and selectively permeable </p></li><li><p>A cell membrane does the same thing for plant and animal cells</p><ul><li><p>in plant cells, it is to the inside of the cell wall</p></li><li><p>in animal cells, it is the outermost part of the cell</p></li></ul></li></ul>