ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY | Overview of Anatomy & Physiology, The Language of Anatomy, The Cell Part I & II, Tissue Part I & II

Superficial

This means shallow area of the skin.

Deep

This means the deeper layer of the skin

External

Is the hair, skin, eyes, nose, and visible on the outside.

Internal

Is the heart, lungs, bones, muscle, and not visible on the outside

Central

Part of the body, (e.g different parts of the abdomen.)

Peripheral

Are the parts surrounding the center

Proximal

Nearer the site of origin

Distal

Far from the site of origin

Superior

Upper part of the body

Inferior

Lower part of the body

Anterior (Ventral)

Front side of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Back side of the body

Ipsilateral

lying on the same side

Contralateral

lying on the opposite side

Prone (Posterior)

Backside of the body that should face the examiner

Supine (Anterior)

Bellyside that is facing the examiner

Medial

found on the inner aspect (e.g ulna)

Lateral

Found on the outer aspect (e.g radius)

Cephalad (craniad)

goes towards the superior

Caudad (caudal)

goes towards the inferior

Orbital

eyes

Nasal

nose

Oral

the mouth

Buccal

the cheek

Cervical

the neck

Acromial

the shoulders

Thoracic

the breastbone

Axillary

the armpit

Abdominal

the stomach

Umbilical

the navel

Pubic

the genitalia

Patellar

the kneecap

Crural

the lower leg

Fibular

the lateral aspect of lower leg

Tarsal

the ankle bone

Pedal

the foot

Ophthalmic

the eyes

Otic

the ears

Mentum

the chin

Mandibular

the jaw

Mammary

the breast

Fibular or Peroneal

Outer aspect of the leg

Brachial

Upper arm or the bicep

Antecubital

infront of the elbow

Cubital

Elbow

Antebrachial

the forearm

Carpal

the wrist

Manual

the hand

Digital

the fingers and toes

Cephalic

the head

Occipital or Nuchal

the nape

Vertebral

the backbone

Scapular

the shoulder blades

Lumbar

the phlanx

Sacral

the sacrum or coccyx

Gluteal

the buttocks

Femoral

the thigh

Popliteal

the back of the knees

Calcaneal

the heel bone

Plantar

the sole of the foot

Deltoid

the shoulder

Olecranal or Cubital

the elbow

Midsagittal or Median Section

The body cut into equal right and left parts

Parasagittal Section

The body cut into equal left and right parts

Frontal or Coronal Section

The body cut into equal anterior or posterior parts

Transverse or Horizontal or Cross Section

The body cut into equal superior and inferior parts

The two dorsal cavities

• Cranial Cavity

• Spinal Cavity

The four ventral cavities

• Thoracic cavity

• Diaphragm

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic Cavity

The abdominopelvic quadrants

• Right Upper Quadrant

• Right Lower Quadrant

• Left Upper Quadrant

• Left Lower Quadrant

The Right Upper Quadrant consists of?

Liver with Gallbladder

The Left Upper Quadrant consists of?

• Stomach

• Spleen

The Right Lower Quadrant consists of?

• Cecum

• Appendix

The Left Lower Quadrant consists of?

Sigmoid Colon

Cells

are the building blocks of all living things

Tissues

are groups of cells that share the same structure and function.

The Three Main Regions of a Cell?

1. Nucleus

2. Cytoplasm

3. Plasma Membrane

The Nucleus

Is the control center of the cell, and contains genetic material

The Three Regions of a Nucleus

Nuclear Membrane

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Chromatin

this forms the chromosomes

Nuclear Membrane

Barrier of the nucleus, made up of bilayer phospholipids, contains nuclear pores

Nucleolus

contains one or more nucleoli, site of ribosome production

Chromatin

composed of DNA and protein, scattered throughout the nucleus, this forms the chromosomes

Plasma Membrane

The barrier for cell contents, contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

2 Layers of phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophilic Heads

Hydrophobic Heads

Microvilli

finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

Tight Junctions

separates the cellular contents from the neighboring cell

Desmosome

forms a link between two adjacent lying cells

Gap Junctions

Establishes connection between two neighboring cells

Connexon

separates the cytoplasm of one cell from the cytoplasm of the adjacent lying cell

Cytoplasm

found between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane

Cytosol

Fluid of gel-like consistency

Organelles

metabolic machinery of the cell

Inclusions

the non-functioning units

Red Blood Cell

no organelle found in this cell, a sack of hemoglobin molecules

Fibroblasts

this is spherical, irregular body. It binds cell tissue together

Epithelial Cells

columnar cells in the body, scale-like flat cells in the body

Skeletal Muscle

wide in the center and paper ring towards the end

Fat Cell

makes up the adipose tissue, nucleus toward the side, accumulation of lipid droplet inside the cytoplasm

Macrophage

provided with pseudopods and abundant lysosomes

Nerve Cell

transmit electrical impulses