Communication Disorders

Flashcards covering vocabulary terms from the lecture notes on communication disorders.

Communication

Sharing information between two people; the process in which a message is sent and received.

Formulation

The process of getting your thoughts together before communicating.

Transmission

The actual process of sending a message through speech, gestures, or eye contact.

Reception

Receiving the message that was sent by the sender.

Comprehension

Understanding the message that was received; determines how you respond.

Linguistic Feedback

Verbal feedback such as “Mmm hmm”, “Huh?”, “Cool”, or “Shut up!”.

Non-linguistic/Extra-linguistic Feedback

Nonverbal feedback, such as nodding, eye contact, or smiling.

Paralinguistic Feedback

Feedback using voice characteristics, such as sarcasm or changes in pitch.

Grice’s Maxims

Four components of effective communication: quality, quantity, relevance, and manner.

Language

A universal, rule-governed code of symbols used to represent specific symbols in communication for social use.

Syntax

Word order.

Morphology

Internal organization of words, such as changing the tense of a word.

Phonology

Speech sounds (phonemes).

Semantics

Meaning (vocabulary).

Pragmatics

The ability to use language appropriately in social situations, including communicative functions, social conventions, and discourse.

Speech

One way we communicate verbally; a neuromuscular process involving respiration, phonation, and articulation.

Respiration

The exchange of gases; begins on an oral air stream that needs to be smooth and consistent for fluent speech.

Phonation

Producing sound for speech, where the vocal folds APPROXIMATE as air rushes through, causing them to vibrate.

Articulation

Turning phonation into speech sounds; involves everything involved in chewing.

Hearing

The perception of sound.

Speech perception

The human brains unique tuning to speech.

Formulation (Communication Disorders)

Significant difficulty with thoughts.

Transmission (Communication Disorders)

Significant difficulty getting thoughts out.

Receiving (Communication Disorders)

Significant difficulty receiving messages.

Comprehending (Communication Disorders)

Significant difficulty understanding messages.

Culture

Values, beliefs, and customs shared by a group of individuals.

Dialect

A subcategory of a parent language; everyone speaks a dialect of English, and no one speaks Mainstream American English (MAE).

Accent

Pronunciation aspects of dialect; what you hear.

Aphasia

Language disorder in adults that results from neurological damage to the language areas of the brain.

Articulation/Phonological Disorders

Distortions, substitutions, and omissions of speech sounds that are not age-appropriate; results from structural problems or misplacement of articulators.

Fluency Disorders

High rates in the continuity of spoken language, including increased rate, prolongations, and blocks.

Voice Disorders

Difficulty in communication due to the voice.

Aphonia

No voice, caused by nerve damage or psycho genic issues.

Dysphonia

Raspy, hoarse sounding voice resulting from vocal misuse.

Motor Speech Disorders

Omissions, distortions, and substitution of speech sounds due to neurological causes.

Apraxia

Motor planning disorder; when the brain tries to tell the tongue to do something it can’t.

Dysarthria

Nerve damage to the articulator.

Sensorineural Hearing Disorders

Hearing loss that results from damage to the inner ear (hair cells) or the auditory nerve that cannot be reversed.

Conductive Hearing Disorders

Hearing loss that results from problems with the middle ear (ear infection) or the outer ear (malformations) that can be reversed.

Auditory Processing Disorders

Problems processing speech sounds by the brain.

Dysphagia

A swallowing disorder.

Communicative Competence

How effectively one gets their message across.

Linguistic Competence

How effective one uses languages (form, content, use).

Phonological Competence

Knowledge of how and ability to produce meaningful sounds of language; age-dependent.

Grammatical Competence

Knowledge of how and ability to produce grammatical rules of a language.

Lexical Competence

Ability to produce typical words in a given language.

Discourse Competence

Ability to pull all other aspects together fluently and coherently; rules of discourse- Grice’s 4 principles.

Functional Competence

Communicating for a variety of reasons, such as to make requests, to comment, and to protest.

Sociolinguistic Competence

Choosing language that is socially appropriate based on context. (Code-switching vs style switching).

Interactional Competence

Understanding the rules for interactions in specific communicative situations.

Cultural Competence

Ability to function appropriately according to cultural norms.

Joint Attention

2 or more individuals are focused on the same thing; shared attention.

Caregiver Responsiveness

Responding to the communicative attempts of infants appropriately and timely to enhance development.

Reduplicated Babbling

Repetition of a vowel-consonant sequence (mama).

Variegated Babbling

Babbling that is varied.

Underextension

Using a word to refer to a specific referent.

Overextension

Using a word to refer to many similar referents.

Phonological Processes

Systematic adaptations to phoneme productions that simplify the production to make it easier for the child to produce.

Print Awareness

Children become aware that print is meaningful and develop an interest in it and its relevance to preparation for reading.

Emergent Literacy

Stage where children learn print awareness.

Decoding

Stage when children sound out words; aka Learning to read.

Fluent Reading

Stage when decoding skills improve for fluent reading; aka Reading to learn.

Simultaneous Acquisition

The development of two languages prior to age three.

Successive Acquisition

Developing one language (L1) usually at home, then a second language (L2 usually at school after age 3).

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Carries sensory info from the body to the brain and motor info from the brain to the body; damage can cause a variety of physical problems.

Meninges

A series of 3 layered membranes that protect the CNS; pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater.

Brainstem

Relay station between body and brain that manages cardio, respiratory, and vasomotor functions.

Cerebellum

Coordination of muscle movement, including muscle tone, movement, and balance.

Cerebrum

Cognitive function, including thinking, rationalization, and problem-solving.

Frontal Lobe

Personality, executive functions, and speech production (Broca's area).

Parietal Lobes

Comprehending oral and written languages, perceiving and integrating sensory-perceptual information, and math calculations.

Temporal Lobes

Interpreting auditory input (Heschel’s gyrus) and language comprehension (Wernicke's area).

Occipital Lobe

Processes visual information; damage can cause cortical blindness.

Peripheral Nervous System

Carries sensory information to the CNS and motor information away from the CNS.

Pharynx

Mucus membrane lined tube from the nasal cavity to the esophagus.

Larynx

Cartilaginous box on top of the trachea suspended from the hyoid bone that manipulates vocal folds.

Trachea

Cartilaginous rings from the larynx to the lungs.

Articulation

Articulatory system that are responsible for manipulating sounds into speech: maxilla (upper jaw), mandible (lower jaw), lips, and teeth

Pinna (auricle)

Outermost part of the ear.

Tympanic Membrane

The ear drum.

Eustachian Tube

Runs from the middle ear to the pharynx and serves as a pressure equalizing tube.

Cochlea

Snail-shaped, fluid-filled cavity in the inner ear.

Deglutition

The act of swallowing.

Dysphagia (Swallowing)

A swallowing disorder.

Assessment

Gathering information about language, speech, hearing, swallowing, voice, fluency, or cognition.

Screening

Quick check of an individual's performance in a particular area. Speech, language, hearing, social, etc

Standardized

stringent rules for administration of testing; can be more unbiased

Non-standardized tests

More informal testing

Anomia

Word retrieval/finding problems that is a type of aphasia

Paraphasias

patterns of word production errors