Foundations of biology Chapter one

11 levels of organization

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ, tissues, cells, organelle, molecules, atoms.

reductionism

separating complex systems into simpler components

eukaryotes

chromosomes inside a nucleus

Prokaryotes

Chromosomes are loose NOT protected

What is the scientific method?

1. observation

2. data

3. hypothesis

4. expirement

5. conclusion

3 domains for living things

1. Bacteria

2. Archea - unusial bacteria

3. Eukarya

5 kingdoms

1. Monera

2. Protista

3. Fungi

4. plant

5. animal

Theory of evolution

The first animals lived in water sometime in the earths past and moved to land, becoming human

Anaximander

the first animals lived in water and became humans

empedoctes

plants and animals formed from disjointed parts that joined

Plato

everything was created by God as a fixed design

Augustine

living things could change

Aristotle

ranked things higher, lower to God based on complexity

epicurus

each species arose from non-living elements

taoists

species develop attributes in response to the environment - in constant transformation

Ian Kaldun

the strong eat/destroy the weak; minerals progress in stages (monkey into man)

Abelard and aquinas

interconnected system

Erasmus Darwin

all animals arose from mud - natural selection, tree diagram

Cuvier

found skeletons and proposed extinction

Lamarck

all living things developed from a spontaneous generation

Grant

things evolved overtime by a common ancestor

gray

evolution was true but occurred by God

Philips

divided time into 3 eras

• pateozoic

• mesozoic

• cenozonic

Desent with modification

the theory that different species have arisen from a succession of ancestors that differed from them

Hypothesis

a tentative explanation

4 bil years ago

molecules develop from the ocean

3 billion years ago

prokaryotes

2 billion years ago

eukaryotes ate and used prokaryotes

600 million years ago

cells joined to form algae, sponges

500 million years ago

plant and fungi colonized land and insects developed

300-400 million years ago

amphibians developed

155 million years ago

reptiles and birds developed

129 million years ago

mammals developed

10 million years ago

humanoids