Module 5: Painting

Painting

▪ The expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language.

▪ An artist’s decision to use a particular medium, such as tempera, fresco, oil, acrylic, watercolor or other water-based paints, ink, encaustic, or casein

▪ The pigment may be in a wet form, such as paint, or a dry form, such as pastels.

▪ ___________ can also be a verb, the action of creating such an artwork.

▪ Pigment 

▪ Binder

▪ Vehicle (Solvent)

Paint Material Break-down

Pigment

▪ Natural or synthetic colored materials finely ground into a powder. 

▪ Clay, gemstones, minerals, plants, insects

-providing color

-powderized

Binder

▪ Hold the pigment together and adhere the paint to a surface. 

▪ Examples include: Egg yolks, linseed oil, wax 

-holding the particles together 

-sticky

Vehicle (Solvent)

▪ Is added to thin or thicken paint, slow or speed up its drying time.

▪ Examples include: Water or oil.

- spread the paint properly

Tempera

- Water based, egg binder, used prior to 1400’s, colors cannot be mixed, narrow range, fast drying

- most common: egg yolk & pigment

Oil Paint

- Easily mixed, more permanent, used after 1400, slow-drying, can be used in thin layers called glazes or in thick lumps to make an impasto surface.

- commonly used, slow drying but stays longer

- mix of linseed oil & pigment

- used for impasto/thick painting

Watercolor (Aquarelle)

▪ Most common water-based paint, transparent. White paint is seldom used to lighten paint (water is used ) Light colors are applied first, then dark, working from background to foreground.

-sheer, translucent, luminous

-gam arabic (kaya sheer) & water & pigment

Acrylic Paint

▪ Synthetic paint with plastic binder

▪ Recent (20th century),versatile, similar to oil but dries faster, not as shiny

-can be applied in any surface (versatile) 

-fast drying

-plastic synthetic resin(emulsion) as binder

Encaustic

▪ Ancient process of mixing pigments with wax, and then ironing the mixture to a surface.

-pigmsent&beeswax&resin

-bees wax(melted)

Casein Painting

- Uses milk protein as a binder, glue-like consistency

▪ Too brittle to be used on canvas.

-casein milk (milk protein)

-fast drying binder, milk colloid

Fresco

▪ Mixing pigments with plaster(walls, ceilings) pigment & water

Buon “true” FrescoFresco secco

 paint is bound in the wet plaster

Fresco secco

paint is applied to dry plaster. (last supper)

Hardwood Panels

- compact ,solid wood
- made out of Oak, Mahogany, Birch, Walnut tree

PROS: Long lasting
CONS: Very heavy & expensive.

Hardboard Panels

- pressed wood

▪ As referred to as Masonite.

▪ Made from a mixture of wood fibers through a heat/pressure process.

PROS: Cheap & Durable.
CONS: Can bend & warp over time.

Metal & Plastics

▪ PROS: New look; Experimentation.

▪ CONS: If paint is applied, not absorbed. Needs to be sanded first to give teeth and remove “shiny.”

Must have something to grip to

Impermanent Materials

▪ Cardboard
▪ Construction Paper
▪ Tissue Paper
▪ Newsprint 

PROS: New look
CONS: Not acid-free and will begin to  turn yellow and brittle soon. Needs varnish.

Canvas

▪ Either linen or cotton.

▪ Fibers glued to a panel or stretched over a frame.

▪ Each fiber contains different textures or weights.

PROS: Versatility. 
CONS: Expensive
ALTERNATIVE: Katsa

Elements of Painting

Color
Tone and Value
Line
Shape and Form
Space and Volume
Texture or Patter

Color

- heart of painting (gives life to painting)

▪ is the most basic element of a painting. Every color has three aspects to it: hue or name, value or tone,  and intensity.

Hue

Pure Color (Red, Blue…..)

Value

Amount of Black or White in color. Lightness and darkness

Intensity

Degree of Purity of color, dullness and brightness

Tone

- important for shadow

▪ refers to the degree of lightness or darkness of an area.

▪ Tone varies from the bright white of a light source through shades of gray to the deepest black shadows.

Line

▪ Is used to control our eyes, create unity and balance. Help construct meanings.

▪ Line can be described as a moving dot. Line is perhaps the most basic element of drawing.

▪vertical-stature  ▪horizontal-calmness

Shape

▪ an element of art that is a two-dimensional area that is defined in some way. A shape may have an outline around it or you may recognize it by its area.

Geometric shapes

- precise shapes that can be described using mathematical formulas.

Ex. Circle, square, triangle, oval, rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, pentagon, pentagram, hexagon, and octagon.

Freeform Shapes (biomorphic)

- also called organic shapes, are irregular and uneven shapes. Their outlines may be curved, angular, or a combination of bot,
- found in NATURE

Form

- height, width, depth 

▪ an element of art, means objects that have three dimensions. I like to think of form as a 3-D shape.

Space 

- Balance between its two categories (+,-) _____
▪ Is the area around, above, and within an object.

▪ With consideration to drawings and paintings, our goal is to create the illusion of ______.

Texture

senses

Implied Texture

- suggested roughness or smoothness of objects in the composition.

Real Texture

- what it would feel like if you touch it.

Landscape

- is an outdoor scene. A __________ artist uses paint to create not only land, water, and clouds but air, wind, and sunlight.
▪ Landscape - rural, province
▪ Seascape - beach, ocean
▪ Cityscape - urban scene, buildings, transportation

Portrait

- is an image of a person or animal. Besides showing what someone looks like, a portrait often captures a mood or personality.

Still life

- shows objects, such as flowers, food, or musical instruments. A still life reveals an artist's skill in painting shapes, light, and shadow.
- show inanimate objects either man-made/natural

Real Life

- scene captures life in action. It could show a busy street, a beach party, a dinner gathering, or a place where living goes on.

Religious

- work of art shares a religious message. It might portray a sacred story or express an artist’s faith in supremacy.

Realism

▪ In art, this is to attempt to portray the subject as it is.
▪ Even when the artist chooses a subject from nature, he selects, changes, and arranges details to express the idea he wants to make clear.
▪ Realists try to be as objective as possible.
▪ The artist’s main function is to describe as accurately and honestly as possible what is  observed through the senses.
▪ show the flaws of human

Realism

Gleaners by Jean-François Millet

The Third Class Carriage by Honoré  Daumier

Abstract Art

▪ refers to a style of painting that does not use figurative reality as a  reference.

▪ the artist alludes to his or her subject and reduces it to a simplified form.
▪ non-imagery, non-representational

Abstract Expressionism

- paintings are emotionally intense and spontaneously created by the artist
- dribbling, splashing paint

Abstract Expressionism

Ex; No. 5, 1948 Jackson Pollock

Color Field

- Color field paintings are characterized by large, solid colors on a flat plane. The colors are the subjects themselves, and they are normally painted on large canvas material.
- cover the space, and no emotions

Color Field

No. 61 (Rust and Blue),1953 Mark Rothko

Elongation

- it refers to that which is being lengthened, a protraction or an extension of figure

Elongation

 El Greco, Christ en croix - "The Crucifixion

Mangling

- this may not  be a commonly used way of presenting an abstract  subject, but there are few  artists who show subjects  or objects which are cut,  lacerated, mutilated, or  hacked with repeated blows.

Mangling

Ex; Queens and Vagabonds

Lyrical Abstraction

- refers to abstract paintings that are softer and more romantic in nature.
- non-violent

Lyrical Abstraction

Side of St. George, 1968, Paul Jenkins

Cubism

- is characterized by geometric figures. _______ painters analyze the subject and break it up into a geometric abstract form.

- Popularized by Pablo Picasso (Father of Cubism) and George Braque

Cubism

Three Musicians, 1921 Pablo Picasso

Surrealism

▪ The images in these paintings are often illogical and have a dream-like quality about them.
- product of subconscious mind, unconscious desire

Surrealism

__________ Joan Miró, The Tilled Field, (1923–1924)

René Magritte. The  Double Secret,  1927

Conceptual Art

▪ Is a modern art style where the artist believes that the concept is more important than artwork itself

Conceptual Art

Marcel Duchamp - No. 2 Nude Descending a Staircase,1911–12)

Pop Art

▪ occurred as a reaction to abstract expressionism, which mid-1950s British artists believed was art that was far removed from daily life.
- popular art, commercial items
- images/icons of the popular culture, meant to be fun

Pop Art

(Three Flags, 1958 Jasper Johns)

Photorealism

▪ one that looks as realistic as a photograph. This is done by taking a picture of the subject and then painting it.

Hyperrealism

▪ Is an advancement of the photorealism art movement.  Artists use high resolution cameras to take photographs and paint them on canvas

Hyperrealism

(Richard Estes "Flughafen Airport“ 1981)

Minimalism

▪ Minimalism is an art movement that is, as expected, characterized by simplicity. Minimalist paintings strip down the subject

Minimalism

(Onement 1, 1948 Barnett Newman)

Futurism

▪ Concerns itself with subjects like technology, speed, violence, and the  future of the world.  It concerns itself with the depiction of man’s triumph over nature.

Futurism

David Burliuk, Revolution 1917

Impressionism

▪ It is characterized by thin brushstrokes and an emphasis on the depiction of light. It is often painted outdoors to capture sunlight and color of their subjects.
- based on observation. 

Impressionism

Claude Monet, Sunrise 1872

Post-impressionism

▪ is the name given to an art movement that appeared after the Impressionist movement

▪ Used abstract patterns to give a symbolic and personal meaning to paintings
- incorporate subjective perspective

Fauvism

▪ Is an art movement that occurred sometime after impressionism. ______ Paintings focus on  strong color. Artists employing this style have wild brush strokes and highly simplified subjects.
- non natural depiction (not copying the actual color)

Fauvism

The Drying Sails, André Derain, 1905

Symbolism

▪ A _______ is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or a quality.

▪ An emblem or a sign, something beyond the actual subject

▪ % - percentages

▪ Lion – courage

▪ Lamb - meekness

Juan Luna’s Spoliarium

Heavy and strong brushstrokes – anger over abuses and cruelties of the Spaniards.

Leonardo da Vinci. (1503 or 1504)
Sfumato

Mona Lisa

Leonardo da Vinci

The Last Supper

Michelangelo. (1508 – 1512) Fresco

The Creation Of Adam

Vincent van Gogh.(1889) Impasto

Starry Night

Edvard Munch. 1893 Expressionism

The Scream

Salvador Dali (1931)Girl With A Pearl Earring

 The Persistence of Memory

Johannes Vermeer. (1665)The Night Watch

Girl With A Pearl Earring

Rembrandt van Rijn. (1642)Self-Portrait Without Beard

The Night Watch

Vincent van Gogh

Self-Portrait Without Beard

Pablo Picasso. (1937)

Guernica

Fernando Amorsolo

▪ (May 30, 1892 – April 24, 1972) is one of the most important artists in the history of painting in the Philippines.

▪ ___________ is best known for his illuminated (rural) landscapes, which often portrayed traditional Filipino customs, culture, fiestas and occupations.
- Grand old man of Philippine Art

- Rice Planting
- Fruit Pickers
- Princess Urduja
- Maiden in a Stream

Vicente Manansala

▪ (January 22, 1910 - August 22, 1981) was a Filipino cubist painter and illustrator.

▪ Manansala's canvases were described as masterpieces that brought the cultures of the barrio and the city together.
- BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN RURAL AND CITY LIFE

Jeepneys
Madonna of the Slums

Juan Luna

▪ (October 23, 1857 –December 7, 1899) was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of  the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recognized Philippine artists. 

- MEMBERS OF PH REFORM MOVEMENT
- POLITICAL
- 1ST RECOGNIZED PH ARTISTS
- 1884, Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts (Won Gold)

The Spoliarium

Félix Resurrección Hidalgo

▪ (February 21, 1855 - March 13, 1913).

▪ One of the great Filipino painters of the late 19th century, and is significant in Philippine history for having been an acquaintance and inspiration for members of the Philippine reform movement.

Las Vírgenes Cristianas Expuestas Al Populacho (The Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace)

- MEMBERS OF PH REFORM MOVEMENT
- Social Realism
- 1884, Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts (Won Silver)

Hernando R. Ocampo

▪ (April 28, 1911 – December 28, 1978) was a Filipino National Artist in the visual arts.

▪ ________________ was a leading radical modernist artist in the Philippines.

- known for abstract painting
- ELONGATION/BIOMORPHIC BOLD

Mother and Child

Pacita Abad

▪ (1946–2004) was born in Basco, Batanes.

▪ Her more than 30-year painting career began when she traveled to the United States to undertake graduate studies.
- Experimentations, constant change in her artworks

Filipina: A Racial Identity Crisis

Cesar Legaspi

▪ April 2, 1917 in Tondo, Manila (1917–1994) is a Filipino National Artist awardee in painting
- Cubism painting
- Subject: Issue of Social Injustices (experiencing work classes)

Man and Woman

Miners