HBS End of Course Exam Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for human body systems review.

Homeostasis

The human body is made up of complex systems functioning together to maintain internal stability.

Directional Terms

Terms that describe the position of anatomical structures.

Regional Terms

Terms that specify distinct anatomical landmarks on the body.

Kidneys

Filters blood and makes urine.

Ureters

Transports urine.

Bladder

Holds urine.

Urethra

Releases urine.

Brain

Control center of the nervous system.

Spinal Cord

Information highway of the nervous system.

Peripheral Nerves

Carry signals to and from limbs.

Eyes, Ears, Taste Buds

Collect sensory information and send it to the brain.

Thymus

Promotes production of WBCs

Tonsils

Traps pathogens.

Appendix

Stores good bacteria.

Spleen

Filters blood.

Lymph Nodes

Filters lymph fluid.

Skin

Prevents pathogens from entering the body.

Teeth/Tongue

Breaks down and pushes food down.

Pharynx

Food/air tube.

Esophagus

Food tube.

Stomach

Breaks down food.

Small Intestine

Absorbs nutrients.

Large Intestine

Absorbs water.

Rectum

Holds feces.

Anus

Releases feces.

Gall Bladder

Stores bile, releases into small intestine.

Liver

Makes bile for the small intestine.

Nasal Cavity

Opening to outside.

Larynx

Voice box, Adam’s apple.

Trachea

Air tube.

Epiglottis

Prevents food entering air tube.

Bronchi

Branch into lungs.

Alveoli

Site of gas exchange with blood.

Atria

Entrance halls for blood.

Ventricles

Bellies that pump out blood.

Arteries

Carry blood away from heart.

Arterioles

Little arteries.

Veins

Bring blood to heart.

Venules

Little veins.

Capillaries

Sites of exchange with tissues.

Hypothalamus

Top boss.

Pituitary

VP.

Pineal Gland

Sleep/wake cycle.

Adrenal

Fight or flight.

Thymus

Develops immune.

Testes/Ovaries

Sex hormones.

Thyroid

Metabolic hormones.

Pancreas

Insulin.

Anterior/Ventral

Front.

Posterior/Dorsal

Back.

Superior

Higher.

Inferior

Lower.

Lateral

Toward the side.

Medial

Toward the middle.

Proximal

Nearer to attachment point.

Distal

Farther from attachment point.

Superficial

More external, surface of body.

Deep

More internal.

Bipedal

Two legs.

Opposable Thumbs

Used for grasping.

Highly Evolved Cerebral Cortex

Allows for high intelligence

Cervic

neck

Crani

skull

Vert

To turn

Thorac

Chest

Fibul

outer bone of leg

Meta

between

Tars

instep, ankle

Carpal

wrist

Pel

push

Clav

collarbone

Pariet

wall

Zyg

join

Occ

eye

DNA

Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. A double-stranded helical molecule that the chromosomes in the nucleus of our cells are made of. Makes up genes, which code for proteins.

Biometrics

life measurement. DNA analysis, iris scans, voice analysis, fingerprinting, gait measurement, facial recognition.

Restriction Enzymes

Chemicals that bacteria use to break down the DNA of invading viruses. Geneticists use them to cut DNA into smaller fragments.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Bits of DNA after the long strand has been cut by restriction enzymes.

Gel Electrophoresis

How RFLPs get separated. DNA molecules have a negative charge and move toward a positive electrode.

Communication

Messages passing from one entity to another & being understood by the 2nd entity.

Cerebellum

Controls fine motor movement & balance.

Cerebrum

Higher thought.

Gyri

Ridges between grooves/furrows (sulci) and get deeper with learning.

Limbic System

Controls emotions & motivation.

Brain

There are 4 major lobes (divisions) of this.

Dendrites

Pick up signal.

Axon

Carry signal long distances (up to 3 ft)

Myelin Sheath

Insulates axon.

Nodes of Ranvier

Allow nutrients in, waste out.

Axon Terminals

Branch to meet other neurons.

Synapses

Place one neuron connects to next.

Synaptic Cleft

Joint between neurons.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other.

Sensory Neuron

Pick up signals through senses, Sends info from PNS to CNS

Interneuron

Connect sensory neurons to motor neurons, Found in CNS

Motor Neuron

Receive signals from CNS, causing movement, In PNS, receive info from CNS

Epilepsy

Bursts of electricity cause involuntary responses (seizures, odd smells, etc)

Parkinson’s

Cells that make dopamine die causing problems in communication between neurons in the two brain regions that must communicate to allow smooth, controlled movements

Huntington’s

Genetic defect on chromosome 4 (excess CAG repeats) cause dead cells that can communicate.

Multiple Sclerosis

The immune system attacks the myelin around nerve axes in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves, causing nerves to be unable to transmit messages due to a buildup of scar tissue (sclerosis).