Introduction to Veterinary Science HOSA

To sedate animals so they lack sensitivity or awareness

Anesthetize

Drugs that fight bacterial infections

Antibiotics

Uncontrolled cell division

Cancer

Fat

Lipid

Attracted to or soluble in water

Hydrophilic

Repeled by water

Hydrophobic

A disorder evidence by elevated blood sugar levels. More correctly, diabetes mellitus

Diabetes

Polysaccharide, which is used to store cellular energy

Glycogen

Protein molecules that speed chemical reactions in the body

Enzymes

Infection-fighting proteins

Antibodies

The process which takes a membrane bound sac, joins it to the cell membrane, and then releases it to the extracellular fluid

Exocytosis

All reaction conducted in the cells

Metabolism

Cellular reactions that break combine smaller molecules into larger ones

Anabolism

Cellular reactions that break larger molecules into smaller ones

Catabolism

Maintenance of the extracellular fluid

Homeostasis

Process that allows molecules to move across a membrane in an effort to equal concentration

Diffusion

Process that allows a solvent to move across a membrane in an effort to equalize concentration but will not allow large molecules of the solute to pass

Osmosis

Process that allows the pumping of a substance into an area of higher concentration

Active transport

Process that allows the cell membrane to wrap around a particle and then section it into the cytoplasm as a vacuole

Endocytosis

Description of a tumor that is localized abd will not spread to other areas of the body

Benign

Description of a tumor that will invade other parts of the body

Malignant

Scientist who interpret and diagnose changes in cells and tissues

Pathologist

True or False: Fats easily dissolve in water.

false

True or False: Larger molecules diffuse more readily than smaller molecules.

false

True or False: Smooth ednoplasmic reticulum (SER) contains ribosomes.

false

All cellular reactions are collectively called _________.

metabolism

Extracellular fluid (EFC) surrounds all living cells and is derived from _____.

blood

Too much blood sugar indicates which disease?

diabetes

How many different types of amino acids are used to make proteins?

22

Give another name for the cell membrane.

Plasma membrane

Do mammals have an even or odd number of chromosomes?

even

Do enzymes function identically in all species?

no

How might cancer cells differ from a normally dividing cell?

With cancer cells, new cells produce more quickly than needed, resulting in an accumulation or mass of cells in a region.

List five mechanisms of cellular exchange.

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Active Transport

4. Endocytosis

5. Exocytosis

List the four stages of mitosis. (The book list five)

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

Collection of cells organized for a particular function

Tissue

Collections of tissue

Organs

Condition commonly called a twisted stomach in which the fourth stomach of a cow fills with gas and is pulled upward; commonly occurs shortly after calving

Displaced abomasum

Highlu infectious viral diseasse that selectively attacks epithelial tissue in cloven-hoofed animalY

Foot-and-mouth disease

Collection of cells that line the body's surface and openings

Epithelial tissues

Collection of fibers that ties the epithelial layer to the underlying connective tissue

Basement membrane

Skin

Integument

Specialized protein deposited in cells giving a typical hardness and durability

Keratin

Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones

Tendons

Connective tissue that attaches bones to bones

Ligaments

Fat

Adipose tissue

Muscle cell

Myofiber

Swine condition in which calcium leaks from the endoplasmic reticulum, causing pigs to shake involuntarily

Porcine stress syndrome

Muscle stiffness occurring after death

Rigor mortis

Condition commonly referred to as milk fever; caused by low blood calcium occuring at parturition

Hypocalcemia

Nerve damage and resultant shoulder muscle shrinkage occurring in draft horses from pullin harnesses

Sweeny

Brain and spinal cord

Central nervous system

All nerves outside the brain adn spinal column

Peripheral nervous system

Nerve cell

Neurons

Cramping with potenial muscle damage in working horses that occurs the Monday after a weekend of rest and full feed

Tying up, or Monday-morning disease

Nerve damage that causes several eye malfunctions, including pupil contriction, eyelid drooping, protrusion of the third eyelid, and sunken eyes

Horner's syndrome

True or False: Hair is epidermal tissue.

True

True or False: Kidney damage may occur in Monday-morning disease.

true

Which of the four stomachs of a cow becomes displaced when a twisted stomach occurs?

the fourth, abomasum

What type of tissue lines the body's surface and openings?

epithelial

What type of epithelial tissue lines the urinary tract?

Transitional epithelium

What type of tissue is under attack in foot-and-mouth disease?

Epithelial

Name the hairlike extension from the nerve cell body that carries the nerve impulse.

axon

After death, the body lacks energy to pump calcium back into endoplasmic reticulum. Consequently, the body stiffens. Name this condition.

rigor mortis

Why do light-colored horses have a higher incidence of melanoma than dark-colored horses?

Because they have little skin pigment

Describe the shape of squamous cells.

flat

Differentiate between tendons and ligaments.

Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments attach bones to bones.

List the three muscle types.

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

List two involuntary muscle types.

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

List three types of neurons.

Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons

Occurs when ruminants inadvertently consume metal, which migrates through their bodies, causing infection

Hardware disease

A machine that spinds substances such as blood to separate differing densities within the spun matter

Centrifuge

Production of red blood cells

Erythropoiesis

Refers to the head

Cranial

Refers to the tail

Caudal

Vessles that transport blood away from the heart

Arteries

Vessels that transport blood back to the heart

Veins

Maintains the regular rhythm of the heart

Pacemaker system

One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart

Cardiac cycle

Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

Systole

Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

Diastole

Electronic instrument that picks up the small electrical signal that runs through the body

Electrocardiograph

Tracing made by the electrocardiograph

Electrocardiogram

Any change in rate, rhyhthm, or conduction within the heart

Arrhyhthmia

Elevated heart rate

Tachycardia

Procedure used to stimulate the heart to deliver oxygen to the lungs

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Leakage within the heart, creating an abnormal heart sound

Heart murmur

Conition in which the heart cannot meet the deman of the animal

Heart failure

Prefix that indicates below normal

Hypo-

Prefix that indicates above normal

Hyper-

Suffix used to describe levels in the bloodstream

-emia

Condition in which the body's immune systems destroys its own cells

Autoimmune disease