DNA and Genes

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Unit 4

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40 Terms

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DNA in prokaryotic cells

Found in the cytoplasm, cirular 7 doubel stranded, and relatively small compared to eukaryotic DNA. It is not associated with histones and is often referred to as bacterial DNA.

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DNA is eukaryotic cells

Found in the nucleus, linear, and associated with histones, resulting in a larger and more complex structure compared to prokaryotic DNA.

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Semi - conservative

When DNA is produced, one of the strands in each new DNA molecule comes from the old DNA molecule

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What is DNA polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand during DNA replication.

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What is the purpose of DNA replication

To make an identical copy of DNA

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Before cell division

When does the cell perform DNA replication

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Which protein ‘unzips’ the DNA during replication

DNA helicase

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What is the structure of the DNA backbone

The DNA backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, forming a helical structure.

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What is hereditary mutation

they are inherited from a parents and present throughout a person’s life in every cell in the body

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What is acquired mutation

occurs during somone’s lifetime, presents only in certain cells, caused by environmental factors and occurs in somatic cells and cant be inherited.

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What are point or frameshift mutations

Point mutations and frameshift mutations are two major types of genetic mutations. Point mutations involve a change in a single nucleotide base, while frameshift mutations involve the insertion or deletion of nucleotides, which shifts the reading frame of the genetic code. 

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Point Mutations

a change in a single nucleotide in the sequence,

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What is a phenotype

The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism

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What is gene expression

It describes the process by which functional products are made from genes.

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What is transcription

The production of RNA from a gene

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What is translation

The production of proteins by ribosomes using RNA from transcription

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True or False that gene expression always results in the production of a protein

No that is protein synthesis. RNA may not be translated into a protein because it has a direct functional role in the cell (fRNA /microRNA0

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What is regulatory genes

produce RNA or proteins that are used to control the expression of other genes

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What are structural genes

Produce RNA or proteins that are not directly involved in gene regulation e.g metabolic enzyme

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What is a constitutive genes

Genes which are always expressed in a particular cell

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What are non- constitutive genes

Genes which can be turned on (induced) or off (repressed) by the products of regulatory genes

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What is a phenotypic gene expression

It describes the relationship between gene expression and the observable traits of an organism these factors include regulatory genes and environmental factors

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What is a protein

A protein consists of building blocks called amino acids, which are linked together via peptide bonds

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What is the functions of protein

Maintain cell shape and make our connective tissues which are important for growth, repair and maintenance of tissue, enzymes, hormones and antibodies

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What is a codon

a set of three codes for one particular amino acids in the polypeptide chain

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Which enzyme is used to make an mRNA copy of a gene

RNA polymerase

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Does transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells

True

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What is mitosis

A type of cell division where 1 parent cell divides once to produce 2 identical daughter cells.

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What are the stages of Mitosis

DNA replicates - chromatin shortens and thickens to form chromosomes (prophase) - chromosomes line up individually (metaphase) - spindle fibers attach to centromeres (anaphase) - spindle fibers. shorten, centromeres break and chromatids move apart (telophase- cytoplasm separates, cells and nuclear membrane form, chromosomes uncoil.

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Why is Mitosis important

it creates new body cells that are needed for growth, repair and maintenance.

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What are chromatins

DNA that is wrapped around proteins

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What are daughter cells

cells produced by mitosis

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Hoe many daughter cells are produced in mitosis

two

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What is meiosis

A type of cells division where 1 parent cell divides twice to produce 4 non-identical daughter cells

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What happens in Meiosis I

DNA replicates - chromatins shortens and thickens to form chromosomes - chromosomes line up in homologous pairs - crossing over occurs (homologous chromosomes swap sections - spindle fibres attach, shorten, and homologous chromosomes break move apart

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What happens in Meiosis II

  1. Chromosomes line up individually

  1. Spindle fibres attach to centromeres

  2. Spindle fibres shorten, centromeres break and chromatids move apart

  3. Cytoplasm separates, cells and nuclear membranes form, chromosomes uncoil.

  4. 4 non-identical daughter cells

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What is haploid in Meiosis

Daughter cells produced by meiosis which contain half of the normal number of chromosomes

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What are gametes

Daughter cell produced by meiosis which also refer to sec cells.