1/39
Unit 4
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
DNA in prokaryotic cells
Found in the cytoplasm, cirular 7 doubel stranded, and relatively small compared to eukaryotic DNA. It is not associated with histones and is often referred to as bacterial DNA.
DNA is eukaryotic cells
Found in the nucleus, linear, and associated with histones, resulting in a larger and more complex structure compared to prokaryotic DNA.
Semi - conservative
When DNA is produced, one of the strands in each new DNA molecule comes from the old DNA molecule
What is DNA polymerase
An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand during DNA replication.
What is the purpose of DNA replication
To make an identical copy of DNA
Before cell division
When does the cell perform DNA replication
Which protein ‘unzips’ the DNA during replication
DNA helicase
What is the structure of the DNA backbone
The DNA backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, forming a helical structure.
What is hereditary mutation
they are inherited from a parents and present throughout a person’s life in every cell in the body
What is acquired mutation
occurs during somone’s lifetime, presents only in certain cells, caused by environmental factors and occurs in somatic cells and cant be inherited.
What are point or frameshift mutations
Point mutations and frameshift mutations are two major types of genetic mutations. Point mutations involve a change in a single nucleotide base, while frameshift mutations involve the insertion or deletion of nucleotides, which shifts the reading frame of the genetic code.
Point Mutations
a change in a single nucleotide in the sequence,
What is a phenotype
The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism
What is gene expression
It describes the process by which functional products are made from genes.
What is transcription
The production of RNA from a gene
What is translation
The production of proteins by ribosomes using RNA from transcription
True or False that gene expression always results in the production of a protein
No that is protein synthesis. RNA may not be translated into a protein because it has a direct functional role in the cell (fRNA /microRNA0
What is regulatory genes
produce RNA or proteins that are used to control the expression of other genes
What are structural genes
Produce RNA or proteins that are not directly involved in gene regulation e.g metabolic enzyme
What is a constitutive genes
Genes which are always expressed in a particular cell
What are non- constitutive genes
Genes which can be turned on (induced) or off (repressed) by the products of regulatory genes
What is a phenotypic gene expression
It describes the relationship between gene expression and the observable traits of an organism these factors include regulatory genes and environmental factors
What is a protein
A protein consists of building blocks called amino acids, which are linked together via peptide bonds
What is the functions of protein
Maintain cell shape and make our connective tissues which are important for growth, repair and maintenance of tissue, enzymes, hormones and antibodies
What is a codon
a set of three codes for one particular amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Which enzyme is used to make an mRNA copy of a gene
RNA polymerase
Does transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells
True
What is mitosis
A type of cell division where 1 parent cell divides once to produce 2 identical daughter cells.
What are the stages of Mitosis
DNA replicates - chromatin shortens and thickens to form chromosomes (prophase) - chromosomes line up individually (metaphase) - spindle fibers attach to centromeres (anaphase) - spindle fibers. shorten, centromeres break and chromatids move apart (telophase- cytoplasm separates, cells and nuclear membrane form, chromosomes uncoil.
Why is Mitosis important
it creates new body cells that are needed for growth, repair and maintenance.
What are chromatins
DNA that is wrapped around proteins
What are daughter cells
cells produced by mitosis
Hoe many daughter cells are produced in mitosis
two
What is meiosis
A type of cells division where 1 parent cell divides twice to produce 4 non-identical daughter cells
What happens in Meiosis I
DNA replicates - chromatins shortens and thickens to form chromosomes - chromosomes line up in homologous pairs - crossing over occurs (homologous chromosomes swap sections - spindle fibres attach, shorten, and homologous chromosomes break move apart
What happens in Meiosis II
Chromosomes line up individually
Spindle fibres attach to centromeres
Spindle fibres shorten, centromeres break and chromatids move apart
Cytoplasm separates, cells and nuclear membranes form, chromosomes uncoil.
4 non-identical daughter cells
What is haploid in Meiosis
Daughter cells produced by meiosis which contain half of the normal number of chromosomes
What are gametes
Daughter cell produced by meiosis which also refer to sec cells.