Studied by 0 people
Asch Paradigm date
1955
What is normative social influence?
When a person conforms to the norms of a group in order to fit in.
Asch paradigm aim
To study the effect of normative social influence on behavior
What is the procedure in the Asch paradigm?
One subject in a room with 6-8 confederates.
Researcher holds up 2 cards:
one with 3 lines of different lengths labeled A, B, C
one with a single line matching one of the lines on the first card (the target line)
Participants and confederates match the target line with one of the other 3 lines.
What happens in the critical trial of the Asch paradigm?
Confederates give the wrong answer, and the participant's response is observed.
What is the control group in the Asch paradigm?
Participants perform the experiment alone without confederates present.
What percentage of participants in Asch’s study conformed at least once?
74%
(Asch Paradigm) Percentage of incorrect responses on the critical trial?
36.8%
How does size of group affect conformity?
levels of conformity/social influence increase as size of the group increases
What is individualism?
Focus on independence and personal achievement
What is collectivism?
Focus on group harmony, cooperation, and personal relationships
Berry date
1967
Berry aim
To compare cultures with different food gathering practices
Berry participants
The Temne and Inuit tribes
What were the food gathering practices of the Temne tribes?
Agricultural practices
What were the food gathering practices of the Inuit tribes?
Hunting/Gathering practices
Berry procedure
Similar to Asch paradigm
Critical trial: Researcher would point out an incorrect answer and claim most people of their tribe chose that one
Berry results
The Temne showed higher conformity due to agricultural practices requiring cooperation (collectivist), while the Inuit showed lower conformity from hunter-gathering that necessitates less cooperation (individualist).
Bond and Smith date
1997
Bond and Smith aim
To investigate how cultural values influence conformity
Bond and Smith procedure
Used surveys to measure the individualism/collectivism of 17 countries
Gathered 133 Asch paradigm studies conducted in those areas
Bond and Smith results
Individualist countries -> lower rates of conformity
Collectivist countries -> higher rates of conformity
Enculturation
The process of acquiring the cultural norms and values of one's home culture.
Barry et al. date
1959
Barry et al. aim
To investigate whether child training practices were correlated with economic factors in different cultural groups.
Pastoralism/Agricultural Economy
Raising animals and crops, leading to high food accumulation.
Subsistence Economy
producing enough food on a day-to-day basis, leading to low food accumulation
Barry et al. procedure
Compared 46 different cultures
Gathered data on their child-training practices
Barry et al. results
High food accumulating cultures emphasize responsibility and obedience, while low food accumulating cultures emphasize independence, achievement, and innovation.
Acculturation
Changes to an individual as a result of contact/interaction with other cultures
Acculturative strategies
Integration, separation, assimilation, marginalization
Integration
Retains original culture and participates in new culture
Separation
Rejection of new culture, retaining of original culture
Assimilation
Fully adopting new culture, rejecting original culture
Marginilization
Not belonging to either culture
Torres et al. date
2012
Torres et al. aim
To investigate the relationship between acculturation, discrimination and psychological distress
Torres et al. participants
669 American Latinos
Torres et al. procedure
Participants completed questionnaires assessing perceived discrimination, acculturative stress, and psychological distress, and their integration into mainstream US culture was measured through language acquisition.
Torres et al. results
Positive correlation between perceived discrimination and acculturative stress
Positive correlation between acculturative stress and psychological distress
Negative correlation between Anglo behavioral orientation (fluency in English, engagement in mainstream US culture) and levels of acculturative stress
Realistic Conflict Theory
Hostility/conflict between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources
Sherif et al. date
1954
Sherif et al. aim
To investigate how conflict between groups arises using realistic conflict theory
Sherif et al. participants
12 y.o. white boys, protestant, both parents at home, middle class
Sherif et al. procedure pt 1
Boys randomly allocated into 2 groups (Eagles and Rattlers)
Groups put in competition with each other
Winning group got prizes, losing group got nothing
Set up situation of negative interdependence (1 group delayed to a dinner party, other group ate all the good food)
Sherif et al. results pt 1
Displayed hostility between the 2 groups, even violence/sabotage
Allport's contact hypothesis
Contact can reduce conflict and prejudice when:
Groups are of equal status
They share a common goal
Their interaction is supported by an authority and social norms
No competition between groups
Sherif et al. procedure pt 2
Had both teams work together to achieve a common goal (fixing the water tank, fixing a broken down truck with food supplies)
Sherif et al. results pt 3
Reduced hostility between groups
Percentage of boys who said they had a best friend in the out-group increased (10% to 25/35%)
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel and Turner 1979)
Belonging to an in-group can affect our thinking and behavior
SIT Self-esteem hypothesis
People tend to identify with an in-group that enhances their self-esteem
Cialdini et al (1976) aim
Testing the self-esteem hypothesis in SIT in college students
Cialdini et al (1976) procedure
They counted the number of students wearing college merch (sweatshirts and t-shirts) on campus after their football team just won or lost a game
Cialdini et al (1976) results
Victory: more likely to wear college clothing + refer to the team as "we"
Loss: less likely to wear college clothing + refer to the team as "them"
In-group bias
The tendency for people to favor/treat people from their group better than members of an out-group.
Tajfel et al. date
1971
Tajfel et al. aim
To investigate if intergroup discrimination would take place based on being put into different groups.
Tajfel et al. Participants
48 boys from a school in the UK
What was the procedure in Tajfel et al.'s study?
The boys were led to believe that their groups were formed based on preference for a painter (Klee or Kadinsky)
What task were the boys asked to perform in Tajfel et al.'s study?
Each boy was asked to award 2 other boys points (one from his group, one from the out-group)
Tajfel et al. results
The boys would choose the option that created the biggest difference in points between his in-group and the out-group
Out-group homogeneity effect
The tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another
Park and Rothbart date
1982
Park and Rothbart aim
To demonstrate the out-group homogeneity effect between groups
Park and Rothbart participants
90 college females from different sororities
Park and Rothbart procedure
Asked participants to rate other sororities and themselves on how similar they are
Park and Rothbart results
They judged the out-group sorority members as being more similar to each other than girls in their own sorority
