ORALCOMM FINALS M4-M9

Speech Context

The environment or situation in which a speech is delivered, including factors such as audience, occasion, and cultural background that influence the effectiveness of communication.

Intrapersonal communication

The type of communication we use to talk to ourselves.

Interpersonal communication

The type of communication we use to talk to another person or a group of people.
This establishes how personal to impersonal our relationship is with the receiver/s.

Dyadic communication

Face to face interaction between two people

Small group communication

3 or more individuals connected

Public communication

The process of addressing an audience of three or more individuals, often in a formal setting, to inform, persuade, or entertain.

Mass communication

The process of delivering messages to large audiences through various media channels, such as television, radio, and the internet. It uses media as its medium to communicate.

Speech styles

Different ways of delivering a message based on context, audience, and purpose, including formal, informal, consultative, and intimate styles. characterized by the degree of formality

Intimate style

This style is used when you are close to the person and you know them very well because you communicate in a daily basis. Private language may also exist due to close ties

Casual style

The receiver is usually a member of the same subculture you have, same age bracket because of the establishment of the common way of speaking, words and phrase, as well as non verbal communication.This style is characterized by a relaxed and informal manner of speaking, often used among friends or peers.

Slang

primarily used by younger people to set themselves of their group apart from the others, to gain popularity, or to creatively
communicate informally.

Jargon

Words or phrases that are used in a specific setting, profession or trade and might not be understood by people out of the setting, or of different industry

Contractions

Shorthand version of a word created by removing letters and
sounds. Contractions are not abbreviations or acronym.
‘re for are = they’re
‘ve for have = should’ve
o’ for of = cup o’ coffee

Consultative style

Used when we talk to strangers or when we don’t know the person that well. The speaker uses professional or mutually accepted language and the listener participates and gives feedback.

Formal style

It does not encourage feedback and it also doesn’t have considerable social significance. The main function of this style is to impart information.

Frozen style

Most formal of all styles. Frozen style is also called fixed speech
because the language does not change in time. It is used during formal ceremonies or traditions, delivery of prose or poetry

examples for frozen speech style

national pledge, anthem, school creeds,
marriage ceremonies, speech for a state ceremony

examples of formal speech style

meetings, speeches, school lessons, court, a corporate meeting, at a swearing in ceremony, in an interview or in a classroom

examples of consultative speech style

regular conversation at schools, companies, group discussion,
teacher-student, doctor-patient, expert-apprentice

examples of casual speech style

casual conversations with friends, family members, chats, phone calls and messages

grammar is unnecessary and it does not need complete language in an intimate style of speech. True or False?

True

Speech acts

Acts of transmitting message. In doing so, we express
a certain attitude, and this expression of attitude will
identify the type of speech act to be performed.

Locution

Act of producing an expression that is meaningful.
A word, expression, or phrase used by a particular person or group in certain situations. It can refer to a figure of speech that has a traditional meaning or a literal meaning depending on context.

Phonic act

Act of producing utterance-inscription. Certain sequence of vocal sounds (verbal) and Written symbols

Phatic act

Act of producing linguistic expression in a particular
language. Well-formed string of sounds and symbols, word, phrase, sentence or discourse

Rhetic act

Contextualizing the utterance-inscription. Referred to as “propositional act” Responsible for assigning reference, resolving pronunciation and disambiguating utterance-inscription

“Please cook the food”, "Is there any sauce?”, “Do not touch me” is an example of…

Locution (utterance)

Illocution

Actions performed by the speaker in producing a given utterance. These acts are
closely connected with the speaker’s intention.

Assertive

To communicate some state of affairs from the speaker to the receiver:
Asserting, concluding, stating, claiming, telling, describing, requiring, or suggesting

Assertive

the speaker BELIEVES the situation

Directive

To make the receiver do something or carry out some action
Ordering, requesting, commanding, daring, defying, challenging

Directive

the speaker WANTS the situation

Commisive

To engage the speaker to carry out some future course of action
Threatening, vowing, promising something

Commisive

the speaker INTENDS the situation

Expressive

To express the speaker’s emotion or attitude about an event or proposition:

Congratulating, condoling, welcoming, thanking, using excuses,
deploring, apologizing

Expressive

the speaker FEELS the situation

Declaration

To effect immediate changes and bring into existence the state of affairs by which it refers. Christening, pronouncing someone guilty, blessing, bidding, excommunicating, firing, pronouncing someone husband and wife, declaring war

Declaration

The speaker CAUSES the situation

Locution

actual act of uttering

Illocution

social funcrion of what is said

"speaker is asking you to give him sauce”, “speaker is warning you not to touch them”

Illocution (intention)

Perlocution

Refers to the action or state of mind brought about by, or as a consequence of, saying something

“you will hand him sauce” , “you will not touch them”

Perlocution (response/effect)

Communicative competence

The cluster of abilities that enable humans to convey
and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings
interpersonally within the specific context. (Brown, 2007)

linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic

four competence areas

Linguistic

Your knowledge in structuring words grammatically to be able to impart the correct message to our receiver

Sociolinguistic

Sensitivity to the setting, topic, and attitude of the speaker. Understanding the existing relationship of people communication and knowing how to respond appropriately

Discourse

You are cohesive and coherent in structuring your sentences during long conversations or speeches. Ability to hold a conversation without losing the interest of the audience

Strategic

Capacity to recognize when there is a breakdown in communication

Nomination

The act of putting forward or suggesting a topic for conversation

Restriction

The restraints you may have as a speaker (ex: friends, family, large audience)

Turn-taking

What people in a conversation undergo to decide who will take the conversational floor. It is needed to establish and sustain a conversation that will be productive to all parties included, and that is, giving a chance to speak for all communicators

Topic control

Control over the topic limits the coverage of the discussion to the issues the are adequate to the people involved in the conversation. Topic Control may also depend on the formality or informality of the situation

Topic shifting

moving from one topic to another in a smooth manner

Repair

Used when the conversation turned sour and the people involved were put in a awkward situation, and worse, bad mood. (ex: correcting mispronounced words)

Termination

Ending the conversation in order to avoid conflicts and further disagreement. Also applies when situation does not permit you to stay longer in a conversation

Expository/informative speech, persuasive speech, entertainment speech

Types of speeches according to purpose

Expository/informative speech

The most common type of speech. The speaker is exposing the listener to information that he or she does not know yet.

explanation or demonstration and description

classifications of expository/informative speech

objects or people, process, events, concepts,

classifications of expository/informative speech according to topic

explanation or demonstration

known as ‘how-to-speech’. The speaker presents the process of
how something is done, developed, operated or acquired

description

The speaker draws a mental picture of what is being said in the minds of
the listeners. Use of descriptive words such as size, shape, color and other details

objects or people

Include those that can be described using our senses. Involves talking about the physical world

process

sequences of an event. it instructs the audience on how to do something

events

Talks about past, present or future events. It is written and spoken to inform the audience of what had happen, what is happening and what could possibly happen.

concepts

talks about intangible or abstract ideas that may be in a form of knowledge, principles, or theories

Persuasive speech

Aims to influence the thinking or behavior of its audience. A challenging type of speech.

Entertainment speech

Usually short, aims to give the audience an enjoyable experience.
May incorporate humor and funny anecdotes. Geared towards pleasing the
crowd and hold their attention while making a point that is usually coated with humor

speaking with a manuscript, memorized speech, impromptu speech, extemporaneous speech

Types of speech according to delivery

speaking with a manuscript

The speech is read by the speaker from a written or visual material. The speech is prepared in advanced, enabling him or her to rehearse it to perfection until the time of
presentation.

Advantages of speaking with a manuscript

-Words are perfectly chosen and controlled
-Guided and mental block free speech

Disadvantages of speaking with a manuscript

-Formal and non-conversational
-Adjustment of speech will be difficult
-Stiff delivery
-Virtually impossible to break away

Examples of speaking with a manuscript

during solemn and historic occasions, news cast, contests, court room proceedings

Memorized speech

The speaker is committed his entire speech in his memory alone, without any use of
prompts. Memorized speech can also be conversational depending on the audience

Advantages of memorized speech

-Prepared speech so you can maximize the use of body language
-No restrictions in terms of movements

Disadvantages of memorized speech

-Memorization is time consuming
-Hard to recover if you make a mistake
-Pressure of recalling your speech
-Rapport will be difficult

Examples of memorized spedch

speech plays, oratorical performances, contests, actors delivering their lines

Impromptu speech

Unrehearsed speech, with very little to no preparation. Delivering a speech on the
spur of the moment. The speaker will be given a very little notice to speak for
a few minutes about a certain topic.

Advantages of impromptu speech

-Spontaneity
-Will sound comfortable and conversational
-No preparation needed

Disadvantages of impromptu speech

-Rambling and incoherence may occur if one is not knowledgeable about the topic
-No rapport
-Nerve-racking

Examples of impromptu speech

first day of classes/work, job interview, special occasions, ambush interview

Bridging

The speaker will find a connection between what you know and what you
don’t

Reframing

Rephrasing or redifining the topic into something that suits your taste. the speaker an rephrase the question or challenge it

Play as a devil’s advocate

The speaker will express an opinion that disagrees with others, not because you wanted to pick a fight but you have an interesting discussion

Past-present-future

this method is great for impromptu speech where you have been asked a question and you need to fill-out your answer.

Point-reason-example/ explanation-point

the easiest to use. You open by stating a point. In the body of the topic you outline reasons for stating this point and give examples. Your conclusion restates the point you first made.

Opening-rule of three-clincher

allows you to express concepts more completely, emphasize your points, and increase memorability of your message.

Example of past-present-future strategy

Years ago, our life was simpler but less connected. Now, technology is everywhere. In the future, we must ensure technology improves our lives.

Example of point-reason-example/explanation-point

Reading is valuable. It expands our knowledge and it improves our critical thinking. for example, reading novels like TKAM teaches empathy. that’s why dedicating time to read is crucial for personal growth.

Example of opening-rule of three-clincher

Exercise is a foundation for a healthy life. It boosts health, strengthens mental well-being, and improves overall energy. that’s why making time for exercise can make you a better person

Example of bridging

Topic:

You are asked about your reaction on conflict in Russia.

Problem:

You have no knowledge about the existing conflict in Russia because you do not follow it.

Response:

“I would imagine the conflict in Russia to be a conflict in my own family. The following are some steps that I observed in patching up the conflict, in micro-level may be considered by the government....”

Example of reframing

Topic:

You are asked to compare two forms of government: democratic and parliamentary

Response:

“This reminds me of the complexities of the two concepts of science. These are the natural science and the social science. Just like the democratic and parliamentary…”

Example of play as a devil’s advocate

Topic:

You are asked whether or not the government should allocate a bigger budget to national defense.

Response:

“Instead of allocating more money to national defense, why not allot it to education? Let me tell you why education should be prioritzed….”

Extempronaeous speech

It is not read nor committed to memory. A speech delivered with notes or outline. You are prepared but without a script. Not to memorize a script but a guide of the points the speaker will raise.

Advantages of extemproraneous speech

-Spontaneous memorized/guided speech
-Easily established eye contact and rapport
-Less preparation time

Disadvantages of extemporaneous speech

Requires practice to gain confidence to speak without losing the flow

Examples of extemporaneous speech

election campaigns, class reports, wedding speeches, life testimonies

3 points to remember in extemporaneous speech

1.) Introduce your point with a catchy opening

2.) conclusion could be a recap/call to action/ expression of gratitude

3.) limit your main speech to three ideas for better organization and recall