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107 Terms
What event is considered the start of the French Revolution?
The Storming of the Bastille in 1789.
Which social class made up about 97% of the French population?
The Third Estate
What document proclaimed that all men were born free and equal?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
Who led France during the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre.
What was Napoleon's greatest military defeat?
The Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
To restore stability and balance of power in Europe after Napoleon's defeat.
What was the main goal of Simon Bolivar?
to win independence for South American colonies from Spain.
Which colony gained independence from France after a successful slave revolt?
Haiti.
Who is known as the "Liberator" of South America?
Simon Bolivar.
Why were many Latin American colonies seeking independence in the early 1800s?
They wanted self-government and freedom from European control.
How did nationalism contribute to revolutions during the 1800s?
People wanted their own nations and governments based on shared culture and identity.
What was the purpose of the enclosure movement?
To combine small farms into larger, more efficient farms.
How did crop rotation improve farming?
It restored nutrients to the soil and increased food production.
Define industrialization.
The shift from hand production to machine production in factories.
What is an entrepreneur?
A person who starts and manages a business.
How did factories change production?
They allowed goods to be mass-produced more quickly and cheaply.
Which country industrialized first?
Great Britain.
What was one negative effect of industrialization?
Poor working conditions, child labor, and pollution.
What was one positive effect of industrialization?
= Increased production and lower prices for goods.
Why did cities grow rapidly during the Industrial Revolution?
People moved from rural areas to cities to work in factories.
Who was Menelik II?
The emperor of Ethiopia who defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa.
Why is Menelik II important in African history?
He helped Ethiopia remain independent during European imperialism.
What was the British Raj?
British rule over India.
What was the Sepoy Mutiny?
An Indian rebellion against British rule in 1857
Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?
A Filipino leader who fought for independence from Spain and later the United States.
Who was Queen Liliuokalani?
The last queen of Hawaii before the islands were annexed by the United States.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
Answer: A Chinese uprising against foreign influence and control.
Who was Jose Marti?
A Cuban nationalist leader who fought for Cuban independence from Spain
Who was Pancho Villa?
A Mexican revolutionary leader.
What was the Open Door Policy?
A U.S. policy that allowed all nations equal trading rights in China.
What is a sphere of influence?
An area where one country has special economic or political control.
Why was the Russo-Japanese War significant?
Japan defeated Russia, showing that an Asian nation could defeat a European power.
What was the result of the Spanish-American War?
The United States gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
What did the Treaty of Kanagawa do?
It opened Japan to trade with the United States.
Why did European nations pursue imperialism?
To gain resources, markets, power, and prestige.
What does the acronym MAIN stand for?
Answer: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.
Schlieffen Plan?
was Germany's military strategy for fighting a two-front war against France in the west and Russia in the east during World War I. It was created by German General Alfred von Schlieffen before the war began.
Why was the Balkans called the "Powder Keg of Europe"?
Because ethnic tensions and rivalries made the region unstable.
What event triggered World War I?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
What was an armistice?
An agreement to stop fighting.
What were the Fourteen Points?
President Wilson's plan for peace after World War I.
Which countries made up the Central Powers?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
Which countries made up the Allies of WW1?
Britain, France, Russia, and later Italy and the United States.
Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II?
The German emperor during World War I.
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
The leader who united Germany in 1871.
Define total war.
The use of all a nation's resources to support the war effort.
What was the Zimmermann Telegram?
A German message asking Mexico to ally with Germany against the United States.
How did Mexico play a role in U.S. entry into WWI?
Germany promised Mexico land if it joined Germany against the U.S.
Why did the United States enter World War I?
Unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram.
What treaty officially ended World War I?
The Treaty of Versailles.
Who was the last Russian czar?
Czar Nicholas II.
What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution?
Poverty, food shortages, poor leadership, and losses in World War I.
What political system emerged after the revolution?
Communism.
Who led the Bolsheviks?
Answer: Vladimir Lenin.
What happened to the Romanov family?
They were executed by the Bolsheviks.
What country emerged from the revolution?
Answer: The Soviet Union (USSR).
What was the Great Depression?
A worldwide economic crisis that began in 1929 and caused widespread unemployment and poverty.
What is fascism?
A political system led by a dictator that emphasizes nationalism, military strength, and government control.
What is communism?
A system in which property and industry are owned by the community or the government rather than individuals.
What is socialism?
A system in which the government owns or regulates key industries to promote economic equality.
What is Nazism?
Hitler's political ideology that combined fascism, extreme nationalism, racism, and antisemitism.
What is a coalition government?
A government formed by multiple political parties working together.
What does lebensraum mean?
"Living space"; Hitler's belief that Germany needed more land to expand.
What is Mein Kampf?
Answer: Adolf Hitler's book outlining his beliefs, goals, and plans for Germany.
Who was known as "Il Duce"?
Answer: Benito Mussolini, the dictator of Italy.
Why did fascist leaders gain support during the Great Depression?
Answer: Many people wanted strong leaders who promised economic recovery and national strength.
Which countries were members of the Axis Powers? of ww1
Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Which countries were members of the Allied Powers?
Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, France, China,
What was the Nonaggression Pact?
An agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to attack each other before World War II.
Who was Benito Mussolini?
The fascist dictator of Italy during World War II.
Who was Charles de Gaulle?
The leader of the Free French Forces who continued fighting Germany after France surrendered.
who was Winston Churchill?
the Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II. He inspired the British people through powerful speeches and strong leadership. He was significant because he refused to surrender to Germany and helped lead the Allies to victory.
Who was Joseph Stalin?
The communist leader of the Soviet Union during World War II.
Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt?
The President of the United States during most of World War II.
Blitzkrieg
"lightning war," was a German military strategy that used fast-moving tanks, aircraft, and soldiers to quickly defeat enemies. It was significant because it helped Germany rapidly conquer many European countries in the early years of the war.
What event did Roosevelt call "a day that will live in infamy"?
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
Battle of Britain
an air battle between Germany and Great Britain in 1940. Germany hoped to gain control of the skies before invading Britain. This was significant because Britain successfully defended itself, preventing a German invasion and handing Hitler his first major defeat.
The Battle of Midway
was a naval battle between the United States and Japan in June 1942. It was significant because the U.S. destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers, making it the turning point of the Pacific War.
D-Day
was the Allied invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944. Thousands of Allied troops landed on heavily defended beaches to begin freeing Western Europe from Nazi control. It was significant because it opened a second front against Germany and accelerated the Allied victory in Europe.
The Battle of the Bulge
was Germany's last major offensive on the Western Front during World War II. It was significant because the Allies successfully stopped the attack, weakening Germany's military and bringing the war in Europe closer to an end.
What was Auschwitz?
The largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp during the Holocaust
Why were Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed?
The United States dropped atomic bombs to force Japan to surrender and end the war.
What were the Nuremberg Trials?
Trials in which Nazi leaders were prosecuted for war crimes after World War II.
What is a tribunal?
A court created to judge important legal cases, especially war crimes.
The Holocaust
was the systematic murder of about six million Jews and millions of other people by Nazi Germany during World War II. It was significant because it is one of the largest genocides in history and serves as a reminder of the dangers of hatred, prejudice, and dictatorship.
The "Final Solution"
was the Nazi plan to systematically murder all Jews in Europe. It involved the use of extermination camps and mass killings. This was significant because it led directly to the deaths of millions of people during the Holocaust.
Kristallnacht, or "Night of Broken Glass,"
was a violent attack against Jews in Germany and Austria on November 9–10, 1938. Nazi supporters destroyed Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues. It was significant because it marked a major escalation in Nazi persecution of Jews before the Holocaust.
A ghetto
was a section of a city where Jews were forced to live under Nazi rule, often in overcrowded and poor conditions. Ghettos were significant because they isolated Jewish populations and served as a step toward deportation to concentration and extermination camps.
Genocide
is the deliberate attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. It is significant because it describes crimes such as the Holocaust and helps the world recognize and prevent similar atrocities in the future.
Kamikazes
were Japanese pilots who deliberately crashed their planes into enemy ships during the final stages of World War II. This tactic was significant because it showed Japan's desperation as the war turned against them and caused heavy damage to Allied naval forces.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
was the Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II. He was significant because he planned and led the D-Day invasion, which helped begin the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control.
which countries where in the triple entente in WW1?
Britain France and Russia
which countries where in the triple alliance in WW1?
Germany, Austria, Italy
Trench warfare was the primary form of warfare used on which front?
Western front
The armistice signed near Paris in Nov 1918 brought an end to what?
WW1
who proposed the league of nations?
Woodrow Wilson
Whats a Mandate?
a territory that the league of nations placed under the administration of another country after ww1
Whats article 231?
the war guilt clause that ordered Germany to pay huge war reparations to allied nations
what two nations were deliberately excluded from the league of nations?
Russia and Germany
what does Mein Kampf mean in english
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