endocrine system - hmap 111

what chemical when secreted into the bloodstream controls metabolic processes of target cells?

hormones

steroid hormones are very powerful because they

interact directly with DNA

what do hormones affect?

distant targets

which organ is not a primary endocrine organ though it secretes hormones?

kidney

why can steroids pass into the cell when other hormones cannot?

lipids can pass through cell

short range hormones that are formed rapidly and act only in the immediate area are?

prostaglandins

what gland produces melatonin?

pineal gland

what gland produces triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), and calcitonin?

thyroid gland

what gland produces progesterone?

ovary

what gland produces glucagon and insulin?

pancreas

what gland produces epineprine?

adrenal gland

positive feedback is a typical way hormone levels are regulated

false

____ feedback enhances change

positive

if a hormone is under humoral control, what controls the hormone?

negative feedback

what hormone is involved in childbirth that is an example of positive feedback?

oxytocin

the _____ is controlled by hormones from hypothalamus and the _____ actually secretes hypothalamic hormones

anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary

ACTH controls

adrenal gland

_____ lowers blood sugar, _____ raises blood sugar

insulin; glucagon

what gland produces parathyroid hormone?

parathyroid gland

what 2 things control blood calcium?

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

“standing order”

something that is obeyed indefinitely unless external effects changes it

exocrine gland

secrete fluid OUT body

endocrine gland

secrete fluid WITHIN body

what is an example of both an organ and gland?

kidney

what are chemical messengers released by endocrine glands?

hormones

how are hormones transported?

hormones are released into the blood and travel throughout the body, affecting millions of cells simultaneously

the effects of hormones can last:

minutes, hours, or days

why are steroids and thyroid hormones special?

they interact directly with cell DNA to change cell activity, only need small amounts, and pass easily through cell membrane

______  ______ change the amount of hormones secreted

situational demands

negative feedback loop

works to maintain homeostasis, counteracts change

positive feedback loop

increases the magnitude of a change, vicious cycle

neutral (nervous) control

adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine to prolong fight or flight response

hormonal control

hierarchy; orders controlled by one gland (pituitary)

humoral (bodily fluids) control

monitor homeostasis by monitoring bodily fluids

what does CRH do?

causes pituitary gland to secrete another hormone

hypothalamus

located in diencephalon; important link between nervous system and endocrine system, controls much of body functions

pituitary gland

“master gland"; controls other endocrine glands

which gland produces ADH and oxytocin?

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

what is the largest endocrine gland?

thyroid gland

the thyroid gland releases hormones that regulate ______

metabolism

normal range for FBS/FBG

70-105 mg/dL

excess _____ is stored as _____ in the liver

glucose; glycogen

what hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex?

steroids (adrenocorticosteroids)

what hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

testosterone

male sex hormones

estrogen

female sex hormones

anabolic steroid abuse

causes large increases in muscle mass; increased aggressiveness (roid rage)

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

characterized by hyponatremia, most commonly caused by TBI

hashimoto’s disease

form of hypothyroidism caused by autoimmune attack of thyroid gland

congenital hypothyroidism

insufficient hypothyroid produced since birth

graves’ disease

autoimmune disorder affecting thyroid, stimulating increased production of hormones (hyperthyroidism)

pheochromocyotma

tumor of adrenal gland causing increased epinephrine secretion (adrenaline rush)

addison’s disease

caused by insufficient production of adrencorticosteroid cortisol

cushing’s syndrome

caused by oversecretion of cortisol, upper body is bigger than lower (Gru)

why is iodine important?

helps produce thyroid hormones

main androgen

testosterone

DI

diabetes insipidus

DM

diabetes mellitus

pituitary gigantism

abnormally high production of pituitary growth hormone before adulthood; ‘acromegaly’ after puberty

ADH

antidiuretic hormone

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

GH

growth hormone

TSH

thyroid-stimulating hormone

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone

LH

luteinizing hormon

GHRH

growth hormone-releasing hormone

GHIH

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

CRH

corticotropin-releasing hormone

GnRH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

TRH

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

GTT

glucose tolerance test

HRT

hormone replacement therapy

RAIU

radioactive iodine uptake

PTH

parathyroid hormone

PPBS

postprandial blood sugar

FBS

fasting blood sugar

FBG

fasting blood glucose