Studied by 2 people
what is anatomy
•It is the scientific study of the structures of the body and the relationship of these structures to one another.
what is anatomy linked to?
•The study of anatomy is linked to dissection to obtain a 3-dimensional concept
what is anatomy subdivided into?
a. gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy)
b.microscopic anatomy
c.radiographic anatomy
d.neuroanatomy
e.developmental anatomy
how can anatomy be studied?
It can be studied with a regional approach, systemic approach, or clinical approach
what is surface anatomy?
It is the study of the configuration of the surface of the body, especially in relation to its internal parts.
Radiographic Anatomy is…
best for imaging bone (e.g., fractures)
types of radiographic anatomy
X-rays (2D)
CT (computed tomography) (3D)
how does radiographic anatomy work?
It is the “transillumination” of the body by a highly penetrating beam of x-rays that allows the tissues of different densities* within the body to be shown as images of differing densities on the x-ray film. *(density=m/v)
how does bone appear on a radiographic anatomy?
A tissue or organ that is relatively dense, like bone, absorbs (stops) more x-rays than a less dense tissue - shows a white image on the film (Radiopaque)
how does soft tissue appear on a radiographic anatomy?
A tissue or organ of lower density, like soft tissue, allows more x-rays to pass through it – shows as black on the film (Radiolucent)
what is an MRI and what is it used for?
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- better to distinguish soft tissue (e.g., ligaments, muscle)
what is a MRI based on?
water content
what is anatomical position?
Standard reference position of body adopted worldwide to describe location of different structures
what does anatomical position look like?
•Upright posture
•Thumbs pointed out (laterally)
•Feet together
forearms are supinated
Supinated
(of a hand, foot, or limb) turned or held so that the palm or sole is facing upward or outward.
anatomical planes are…
Movements are that described as occurring in a plane
median plane
plane of body Divides body into equal right and left parts
Sagittal planes
Divides body into right and left parts
true or false
There are infinite number of sagittal planes, but only one median plane
true
where is the median plane of the hand?
In the hand, the median plane is through the third digit
where is the median plane of the foot?
The median plane of the foot is through the second toe
what types of movement are in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension
coronal planes (Frontal plane)
Divides body into anterior and posterior parts
true or false
there is only one coronal plane
false
There is an infinite number of coronal planes
true or false
There is no median coronal plane
true
what types of movements are in the coronal plane?
Abduction and adduction
Transverse planes (axial plane)
Divides body into superior and inferior parts
true or false
A transverse plane through your foot can also be described as the coronal plane
true
true or flase
there are an infinite number of median transverse plane
false. There is no median transverse plane
how many transverse planes are there?
infinite
what type of movement is in the transverse plane?
rotation
what are the sections of the limbs?
longitudinal section, transverse section, and oblique section
terms of relationship/ comparison
It is written in the opposite way the arrow points
what words describe how deep you are
superficial, intermediate, and deep
Superficial: on top of – the skin is superficial (on top of) the bones
Deep: under – the rhomboid major muscle is deep (under) the trapezius
terms of laterality
unilateral, bilateral, ispilateral, contralateral
what types of movement occur in the sagittal plane?
flexion and extension
what is flexion?
Flexion decreases in angle
what is extension?
Extension is bringing it back into anatomical position
what is the beginning point of anatomical position
180 degrees
what is the end point of anatomical position?
< 180 degrees
true or false
The knee is the only joint that flexes posteriorly
true
true or false
Flexion of the elbow is the same as flexion of your forearm
true
what is hyperextension/hyperflexion?
refers to movement beyond normal range of motion
Beyond anatomical position (or an injury)
what types of movements occus in the coronal plane?
abduction and adduction
what is abduction?
Abduction is away from the center.
what is adduction?
Adduction is back towards anatomical position
which joints cannot abduct or adduct?
elblow and knee
true or false
abduct your shoulder is the same as abduct your arm
true
what is medial rotation
rotational movement towards the midline
ex: An example of medial rotation is turning the legs at the hip so that the toes point toward one another. Reaching the arm across the waist toward the opposite side of the body is also an example of medial rotation.
what is lateral rotation
rotational movement away the midline
ex: As an example, when the leg is laterally rotated, it is turned out at the hip causing the toes to turn away from the body. Lateral rotation of the elbow turns the arm so that the palm of the hand is facing forward.
what is supination?
when your radius and ulna bones are parallel. (carrying a bowl of soup). In anatomical position, you are in supination. Palm faces up
what is pronation
palm faces down
medial and lateral rotation versus supination and pronation
Don't confuse pronation and supination with medial and lateral rotation. Both pairs are rotational movements, but pronation and supination are specialized. In internal (or medial) rotation and external (or lateral) rotation of the arm, the radius and ulna stay parallel, and all the movement is at the shoulder (or at the hip in the case of rotation of the leg). Pronation and supination (of the arm only) are entirely due to the radius and ulna, with no movement at the shoulder.
what is circumduction
combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction
special terms of hand and foot
abduction of digits
Digits move away from the midline (third digit of hand)
adduction of digits
digits move toward midline
abduction/ adduction of the thumb (hallux)
Abduction of the thumb is pulling it up off of your palm. Adduction is bringing it back down toward your palm
flexion/ extension of the thumb (hallux)
The movements of the thumb are referred as being turned 90 degrees. Flexion of the thumb passes across your palm
opposition/ reposition of the thumb (hallux)
Opposition: pinky and thumb come together
Reposition is going back into anatomical position
lateral bending
Lateral bending is flexion in the coronal plane (you can’t just say flexion because flexion is movement in the sagittal plane
elevation and depression
Elevation is moving up superiorly
retrusion and protusion of mandible
Protrusion brings your jaw forward
protraction and retraction
Protraction is pushing forward
Retraction is brining it back
what bones are part of the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, vertebrae, the ribs, the sternum, sacrum
what bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?
Upper and lower limbs
what cartilage is part of the costal cartilage
Between the ribs and sternum
what cartilage is part of the articular cartilage?
Within all of your joints
skeletal system
functions of bone
•Protection of vital organs
•Structural support of the body
•Acts as levers for muscles to produce movement
•Reservoir for calcium and phosphorous
•Contains marrow where blood cells are formed
true or false
bones stop growing
false. Bones are living tissues. They are continuously growing
what are the 2 types of bones?
spongy bone and compact bone
what is spongy bone?
spongy bone usually occur more in the ends
they are trabecular and cancellous
It is known to be a shock absorber and distribute the forces that come down on the joints across to the entire bone
what is compact bone?
cortical, dense
what is medullary?
(marrow) cavity
what is red marrow
for younder adults
Active in blood formation (hematopoesis)
what is yellow marrow
for older adults
Inert and fatty
sections of bone
examples of long bone
humerus, phalanges, clavicle
examples of short bone
tarsals, carpals
examples of flat bone
some cranial vault bones, ribs, sternum
examples of irregular bone
vertebrae, sphenoid
example of sesamoid bone
patella (develop within tendons)
examples of pneumatic bone
mastoid part of temporal bone, paranasal sinus
example of accessory (supernumary) bone
in foot
types of elevation bone markings (things that stick out off of the bone)
Crest
Line
Protuberance
Epicondyle
Malleolus
Spine
Process
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity
types of depression bone markings (indentations)
Fossa
Groove
Notch
types of articulation bone markings (This is a joint. Where 2 bones come together and move against each other)
Condyle (rounded end)
Facet (flatter end)
types of hole bone markings
foramen (pl. foramina)
what is ossification
process of bone formation
what is osteoblast
bone forming cells
what is osteocytes
bone cells
what is osteoclasts
bone resorption cells
what is Chondrocytes
cartilage cells
what is Chondroblasts
cartilage forming cells
true or false
Bone is a living tissue which undergoes continuous change.
true
how much of the bone in the body replaced with new bone every year?
10-15%
bones are developed from what
condensations of mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
the condensations undergo ossification by
intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
intramembranous ossification is also known as
direct ossification
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