hsc exam 1

what is anatomy

•It is the __scientific study of the structures of the body__ and the relationship of these structures to one another.

what is anatomy linked to?

•The study of anatomy is linked to **dissection** to obtain a 3-dimensional concept

what is anatomy subdivided into?

a. **gross anatomy** (or macroscopic anatomy)

b.microscopic anatomy

c.**radiographic anatomy**

d.neuroanatomy

e.developmental anatomy

how can anatomy be studied?

It can be studied with a __**regional approach, systemic**__ __**approach, or clinical approach**__

what is surface anatomy?

It is the study of the configuration of the surface of the body, especially in relation to its internal parts.

*Radiographic Anatomy is…*

best for imaging bone (e.g., fractures)

types of radiographic anatomy

X-rays (2D)

CT (computed tomography) (3D)

how does radiographic anatomy work?

It is the “transillumination” of the body by a highly penetrating beam of x-rays that allows the tissues of different densities\* within the body to be shown as images of differing densities on the x-ray film. \*(density=m/v)

how does bone appear on a radiographic anatomy?

A tissue or organ that is relatively dense, like bone, absorbs (stops) more x-rays than a less dense tissue  - shows a white image on the film (**Radiopaque**)

how does soft tissue appear on a radiographic anatomy?

A tissue or organ of lower density, like soft tissue, allows more x-rays to pass through it – shows as black on the film (**Radiolucent)**

what is an MRI and what is it used for?

**MRI** (magnetic resonance imaging)

\-  better to distinguish soft tissue (e.g., ligaments, muscle)

what is a MRI based on?

water content

what is anatomical position?

Standard reference position of body adopted worldwide to describe location of different structures

what does anatomical position look like?

•Upright posture

•Thumbs pointed out (laterally)

•Feet together

* *forearms are supinated*

Supinated

(of a hand, foot, or __limb__) turned or held so that the palm or sole is facing __upward__ or __outward__.

anatomical planes are…

Movements are that described as occurring in a plane

median plane

plane of body Divides body into __equal__ right and left parts

Sagittal planes

Divides body into right and left parts

true or false

There are infinite number of sagittal planes, but only one median plane

true

where is the median plane of the hand?

In the hand, the median plane is through the third digit

where is the median plane of the foot?

The median plane of the foot is through the second toe

what types of movement are in the sagittal plane?

Flexion and extension

coronal planes (Frontal plane)

Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

true or false

there is only one coronal plane

false

There is an infinite number of coronal planes

true or false

There is no median coronal plane

true

what types of movements are in the coronal plane?

Abduction and adduction

Transverse planes (axial plane)

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

true or false

A transverse plane through your foot can also be described as the coronal plane

true

true or flase

there are an infinite number of median transverse plane

false. There is **no** median transverse plane

how many transverse planes are there?

infinite

what type of movement is in the transverse plane?

rotation

what are the sections of the limbs?

longitudinal section, transverse section, and oblique section

terms of relationship/ comparison

It is written in the opposite way the arrow points

what words describe how deep you are

superficial, intermediate, and deep

Superficial: on top of – the skin is superficial (on top of) the bones

Deep: under – the rhomboid major muscle is deep (under) the trapezius

terms of laterality

unilateral, bilateral, ispilateral, contralateral

what types of movement occur in the sagittal plane?

flexion and extension

what is flexion?

Flexion decreases in angle

what is extension?

Extension is bringing it back into anatomical position

what is the beginning point of anatomical position

180 degrees

what is the end point of anatomical position?

< 180 degrees

true or false

The knee is the only joint that flexes posteriorly

true

true or false

Flexion of the elbow is the same as flexion of your forearm

true

what is hyperextension/hyperflexion?

refers to movement beyond normal range of motion

Beyond anatomical position (or an injury)

what types of movements occus in the coronal plane?

abduction and adduction

what is abduction?

Abduction is away from the center.

what is adduction?

Adduction is back towards anatomical position

which joints cannot abduct or adduct?

elblow and knee

true or false

abduct your shoulder is the same as abduct your arm

true

what is medial rotation

rotational movement towards the midline

ex: An example of medial rotation is turning the legs at the hip so that the toes point toward one another. Reaching the arm across the waist toward the opposite side of the body is also an example of medial rotation.

what is lateral rotation

rotational movement away the midline

ex: As an example, when the leg is laterally rotated, it is turned out at the hip causing the toes to turn away from the body. Lateral rotation of the elbow turns the arm so that the palm of the hand is facing forward.

what is supination?

when your radius and ulna bones are parallel. (carrying a bowl of soup). In anatomical position, you are in supination. Palm faces up

what is pronation

palm faces down

medial and lateral rotation versus supination and pronation

Don't confuse pronation and supination with medial and lateral rotation. Both pairs are rotational movements, but pronation and supination are specialized. In internal (or medial) rotation and external (or lateral) rotation of the arm, the radius and ulna stay parallel, and all the movement is at the shoulder (or at the hip in the case of rotation of the leg). Pronation and supination (of the arm only) are entirely due to the radius and ulna, with no movement at the shoulder.

what is circumduction

combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction

special terms of hand and foot

abduction of digits

Digits move away from the midline (third digit of hand)

adduction of digits

digits move toward midline

abduction/ adduction of the thumb (hallux)

Abduction of the thumb is pulling it up off of your palm. Adduction is bringing it back down toward your palm

flexion/ extension of the thumb (hallux)

The movements of the thumb are referred as being turned 90 degrees. Flexion of the thumb passes across your palm

opposition/ reposition of the thumb (hallux)

Opposition: pinky and thumb come together

Reposition is going back into anatomical position

lateral bending

Lateral bending is flexion in the coronal plane (you can’t just say flexion because flexion is movement in the sagittal plane

elevation and depression

Elevation is moving up superiorly

retrusion and protusion of mandible

Protrusion brings your jaw forward

protraction and retraction

Protraction is pushing forward

Retraction is brining it back

what bones are part of the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, vertebrae, the ribs, the sternum, sacrum

what bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

Upper and lower limbs

what cartilage is part of the costal cartilage

Between the ribs and sternum

what cartilage is part of the articular cartilage?

Within all of your joints

skeletal system

functions of bone

•__Protection__ of vital organs

•Structural __support__ of the body

•Acts as __levers__ for muscles to produce movement

•__Reservoir__ for calcium and phosphorous

•Contains marrow where __blood cells are formed__

true or false

bones stop growing

false. Bones are living tissues. They are continuously growing

what are the 2 types of bones?

spongy bone and compact bone

what is spongy bone?

* spongy bone usually occur more in the ends
* they are trabecular and cancellous
* It is known to be a shock absorber and distribute the forces that come down on the joints across to the entire bone

what is compact bone?

cortical, dense

what is medullary?

(marrow) cavity

what is red marrow

* for younder adults
* Active in blood formation (hematopoesis)

what is yellow marrow

* for older adults
* Inert and fatty

sections of bone

examples of long bone

humerus, phalanges, clavicle

examples of short bone

tarsals, carpals

examples of flat bone

some cranial vault bones, ribs, sternum

examples of irregular bone

vertebrae, sphenoid

example of sesamoid bone

patella (develop within tendons)

examples of pneumatic bone

mastoid part of temporal bone, paranasal sinus

example of accessory (supernumary) bone

in foot

types of elevation bone markings (things that stick out off of the bone)

Crest

Line

Protuberance

Epicondyle

Malleolus

Spine

Process

Trochanter

Tubercle

Tuberosity

types of depression bone markings (indentations)

Fossa

Groove

Notch

types of articulation bone markings (This is a joint. Where 2 bones come together and move against each other)

Condyle (rounded end)

Facet (flatter end)

types of hole bone markings

foramen (pl. foramina)

what is ossification

process of bone formation

what is osteoblast

bone forming cells

what is osteocytes

bone cells

what is osteoclasts

bone resorption cells

what is Chondrocytes

cartilage cells

what is Chondroblasts

cartilage forming cells

true or false

Bone is a living tissue which undergoes continuous change.

true

how much of the bone in the body replaced with new bone every year?

10-15%

bones are developed from what

condensations of mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

the condensations undergo ossification by

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

intramembranous ossification is also known as

direct ossification