Obesity

side effects of orlistat

gallstones, kidney stones, and malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

what is the LDL cut off for kids aged 0-9?

For children aged 0-9 years:
• Normal: Less than 75 mg/dL
• Borderline: 75-99 mg/dL
• High: 100 mg/dL or higher

what is the ldl cut off for kids aged 10-19?

• Normal: Less than 90 mg/dL
• Borderline: 90-129 mg/dL
• High: 130 mg/dL or higher

What happens to leptin during obesity?

increases secondary to leptin sensitivity

What are Polyunsaturated fatty acids?

• foods with PUFA?

omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

• salmon, mackerel, and anchovies), flaxseeds,
  walnuts, and certain vegetable oils.

Foods with monounsaturated fatty acids

olive oil, avocados, and nuts

Symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome

• method of inheritance

Symptoms:
- intellectual impairment

• macro orchidism

• intellectual disability

• prominent jaw

• large ears

Inheritance: autosomal recessive, present on the X gene.
- fathers will pass to all daughters and mothers have 50% chance of passing to either sex-children

Stages of pediatric obesity

Class I obesity is defined as > or equal to 95th percentile to <120% of the 95th percentile.

Class II obesity is defined as >or equal to 120% to <140% of the 95th percentile.

Class III obesity is defined as > or equal to 140% of the 95th percentile

What is Dercum's disease?

progressive appearance of multiple lipomas in people with overweight and obesity, which result in chronic pain.

The disease preferentially affects female adults.

What is Roch-Leri mesosomatous lipomatosis?

benign fatty tissue overgrowth characterized by the presence of numerous small lipomas located on the middle third of the body which are painless and, preferentially affects male adults in the third decade of life

What is Madelung disease or multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL)?

painless non-encapsulated and symmetric fatty deposits in the neck, torso, mammary, and abdominal areas, and in the upper and lower limbs. Besides the overgrowth of adipose tissue, patients with MSL present features of metabolic syndrome.

third and the fifth decade of life and is more prevalent in males.

What is Rhett Syndrome?

rare genetic disorder that causes a progressive loss of motor skills and language after normal development in the first year of life. Patients develop stereotypic hand movements (e.g., hand-to-mouth licking or grasping of the hair or clothing). Following the regression phase, there is a period of stabilization and some recovery of nonverbal communication, with improved eye contact. Data on an association with obesity is conflicting.

Describe the following about menopause:

• BMI entering menopause and weight gain

• BMI entering menopause and menopausal symptoms

• average weight gain during menopause

• leptin, ghrelin and NPY levels

1) lower BMI, more weight gain. Higher BMI, less weight gain

2) women with higher BMI enter menopause earlier and have stronger menopausal symptoms

3) 5-7 pounds over 3-5 years

4) leptin increases, ghrelin and NPY decrease

relationship between hunger/food intake and adiponectin

adiponectin leads to increased hunger and food intake

What is the eating disorder screening forms?

Screen of Disordered Eating (SDE)

Eating Disorders Screen for Primary Care (EDSPC)

Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)

Eating Attitudes Test (EAT).

Which supplement can potentiate the symptoms of hypoglycemia in patients taking diabetes medications?

ALA - alpha lipoic acid

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) primary features and secondary features

• how many are needed for diagnoses?

PRIMARY FEATURES: Rod-cone dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, learning disabilities, hypogonadism in males, renal anomalies

SECONDARY FEATURES: Speech disorder/delay, strabismus/cataracts/astigmatism, brachydactyly/syndactyly, developmental delay, polyuria/polydipsia (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus), ataxia/poor coordination/imbalance, mild spasticity (especially lower limbs), diabetes mellitus, dental crowding/hypodontia/small roots/high arched palate, left ventricular hypertrophy/congenital heart disease, hepatic fibrosis

What is the recommended fiber intake for adults?

22-25 grams per day for women and 28-34 grams per day for men

Components of a physical activity prescription

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type (FITT)

association between kidney stones and GLP1

no increase in risk

• Genetic inheritance pattern of Prader Willi Syndrome

paternal microdeletion on chromosome 15

Physical exam of Prader Willi Syndrome

hypotonia at birth

almond shaped-eyes

short stature

developmental delay (motor, speech, and intellectual)

Amount of calories in:

• protein

• carbs

• fat

protein: 4 calories per gram

carbs: 4 calories per gram

fat: 9 calories per gram

Surgical treatment options for lipedema

Proportion of men and women in lipedema

lymph-sparing liposuction. as surgical option

nutrition does not work

lymphatic drainage and compression hoses work

women > men, possible autosomal dominant inheritance pattern