Hematologic System - Aplastic Anemia

blood

It is the circulatory fluid of the cardiovascular system which is circulating constantly through a closed circuit of tubes

plasma

It is the liquid portion of blood, making up about 55% of its total volume. It is primarily composed of water (about 90%)

water

Approximately 90% of plasma. Acts as a solvent, transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products; helps regulate body temperature.

albumin

It maintains osmotic pressure, which helps keep fluid in the bloodstream and prevents edema; transports hormones, drugs, and other substances

globulins

It includes antibodies (immunoglobulins) that are crucial for immune response; transport lipids, iron, and fat-soluble vitamins.

fibrinogen

It is essential for blood clotting; converted into fibrin during the clotting process to forma stable blood clot.

serum

It is similar to plasma but lacks clotting factors as they are consumed in the clotting process.

erythrocytes

Mature red blood cells are called?

reticulocytes

Immature red blood cells are called?

leukocytes

These protect the body from invasion by bacteria and other foreign entities

granulocytes

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm including neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.

agranulocytes

A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei including lymphocytes and monocytes.

thrombocytes

It helps control bleeding and nurturing and maintaining the integrity of the blood vessel's endothelium when in an inactive state.

7-10 days

What is the lifespan of thrombocytes?

hemostasis

It is the physiological process that stops bleeding at the site of an injury while maintaining blood in a fluid state within the vascular system.

vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)

First phase of hemostasis in which there is immediate constriction to reduce blood flow.

platelet plug formation

Second phase of hemostasis in which platelets adhere to exposed collagen and release chemicals that attract more platelets, forming a temporary "plug."

coagulation (blood clotting)

Third phase of hemostasis in which there is theformation of fibrin, forming a stable clot

clot retraction and repair

Fourth phase of hemostasis in which the clot contracts to reduce its size and bring the edges of the wound closer together, aiding in tissue repair.

clot removal (fibrolysis)

Fifth phase of hemostasis in which once the vessel is healed, the clot is dissolved to restore normal blood flow.

hematopoiesis

It is the process of blood cell production, development, and maturation. It occurs primarily in the bone marrow after birth, but also in the liver and spleen during fetal development

hematopoietic stem cells

These are multipotent stem cells that have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into all types of blood cells.

erythropoietin

It is a hormone produced primarily by thekidney when it detects low levels ofoxygen which then stimulates the marrowto leading to erythropoises

erythropoiesis

It is the formation red blood cells in the bone marrow

red marrow

Marrow that is active in hematopoiesis, found in the trabecular (spongy) bone regions such as the pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and proximal ends of long bones.

yellow marrow

Marrow that is primarily made up of adipocytes (fat cells) and serves as a reserve that can be converted back to red marrow under certain conditions, such as severe blood loss.

peripheral blood smear

It can determine the shape and size of the red blood cells and platelets, appearance of the leukocytes

bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

It assesses how a patient's blood cells are being formed, quantity and quality of each type of cell produced within the marrow.

therapeutic apheresis

Procedure in which blood is taken and passed through a centrifuge, where a specific component is separated from the blood and removed and the remaining blood is then returned to the patient.

therapeutic phlebotomy

It s the removal of a certain amount of blood under controlled conditions.

blood component therapy

Procedure used to separate the unit of whole blood into its primary components: erythrocytes, platelets, and plasma for future administration.

bleeding time, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and INR

What are the types of coagulation screening tests?

antigen

It is present on the red blood cell

antibody

It is present in the plasma

O negative

Universal donor since it carries not antigen. 43% of the population have this blood type

AB positive

Universal recipient since it carries not antibodies in the plasma. 3% of the population have this blood type

Type O blood

A person with this type of blood has antibodies against the A, B and AB antigens

O positive and O negative

A patient with O+ blood type is in need of a transfusion. Which donor blood types are compatible with them?

B negative and O negative

A patient with B- blood type is to receive a transfusion. Which blood types can safely donate to them?

A antigen

What is the antigen present on the surface of red blood cells in type A blood?

Anti-A antibody

What is the antibody found in the plasma of a person with type B blood?

hemolytic transfusion reaction

What is the main complication that occurs when incompatible blood is transfused?

anemia

It is the most common hematologic condition

microcytic anemia

Small red blood cells such those with iron deficiency anemia

macrocytic anemia

Large red blood cells such as those with megaloblastic anemia

normocytic anemia

Normal sized red blood cells but are reduced in number such as those with hemolytic anemia

iron deficiency anemia

It is the most common type of anemia. Bleeding should be considered as its cause until proven otherwise

iron and erythropoietin

These are used to boost bone marrow activity

koilonychia

A symptom of iron deficiency anemia in which there is a malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon.

oral iron supplements

These should be administered with meals to lessen GIT irritation

orange juice or vitamin c

These can be administered to facilitate absorption of oral iron supplements

pernicious anemia

Chronic anemia resulting from deficiency of intrinsic factor leading to hypochlorhydria. It causes vitamin B12 deficiency.

lactate dehydrogenase levels

This is an enzyme that many cells make. Extremely high levels of this enzyme may indicate pernicious anemia.

homocysteine level

High levels of this may be a sign of vitamin B12 deficiency

heat application

Patients with pernicious anemia should avoid?

aplastic anemia

It is the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow leading to pancytopenia or a reduction all blood cells.

leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count which increases susceptibility to infections.

thrombocytopenia

A condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

petechiae, ecchymoses and oozing of blood from venipuncture sites

What are the symptoms of thrombocytopenia?

low serum ferritin and iron levels, high TIBC

What are the key lab findings in iron deficiency anemia?