MSIS 2103 Exam 2

Ethics

Sets of principles about right and wrong. Used to make choices guiding decisions.

Law

System of rules, defines what we can and cannot do

Legal acts vs ethical acts

Legal acts conform to the law. Ethical acts conform to what an individual believes to be the right thing to do. (Legal activity does not mean it's ethical)

Problem statement

Clear, concise description of the issue being addressed in decision making.

Professional code of ethics

States the principles and core values that an organization wishes to develop in its leaders and members.

Fair information practices

Set of guidelines governing the collection and use of personal data

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Proposed set of regulations adopted by the European Union to protect Internet users from clandestine tracking and unauthorized personal data usage.

Fair Credit Reporting Act

Act that regulates credit-reporting bureaus regarding their collection, storage, and use of credit information.

Right to Financial Privacy Act

Act that protects the records of financial institutions' customers from unauthorized scrutiny by the federal government.

Fair and Accurate Credit Transitions Act

Act that allows consumers to request and obtain free credit reports.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Act that requires standardized electronic transactions, codes, and identifiers. Also requires health care providers to obtain written consent from patients prior to disclosing any information in their medical records. It also fully digitized medical records.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Title XIII

Includes strong privacy provisions for electronic health records (EHRs), including banning the sale of health information, promoting the use of audit trails and encryption, providing rights of access for patients, and mandating that each individual whose health information has been exposed be notified within 60 days after discovery of a data breach.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Act that assigns certain rights to parents regarding their children's educational records.

Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)

A U.S. federal act that requires operators of online services or Web sites directed at children under the age of 13 to obtain parental consent prior to the collection, use, disclosure, or display of a child's personal information

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable search and seizure

First Amendment

Protects American's rights to freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and freedom to assemble peaceably. Some speech is not protected or forbidden.

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act

Provides immunity to an Internet service provider (ISP) that publishes user-generated content

Internet filtering

Blocks access to certain Web sites containing material deemed inappropriate or offensive. May block too much

Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA)

An act that requires federally financed schools and libraries to use some form of technological protection (such as an Internet filter) to block computer access to obscene material, pornography, and anything else considered harmful to minors.

Defamation

The making of either an oral (slander) or a written (libel) statement of alleged fact that is false and that harms another person. Harm is often of a financial nature.

Frequent defamation lawsuits

Considered a form of censorship. Seek to stop unwanted speech or writings.

Hate speech

Persistent or malicious harassment aimed at a specific person that can be prosecuted under the law.

Fake news

Form of censorship in the form of a false story presented as being factually accurate and appears to be news. Usually created to advance political view or agenda.

Safety-critical system

A system whose failure may cause human injury or death.

Database

A well-designed, organized, and carefully managed collection of data.

Entity

A person, place, or thing (object) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained

File

Collection of entities

Attribute

Characteristic of an entity

Domain

Range of allowable values for a data attribute

Data item

Specific value of a data attribute

Record

Collection of attributes about a specific entity

Primary key

Attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies the record

Foreign key

Attribute in one table that refers to the primary key in another table

Schema

Description defining the database's logical and physical structure. Identifies the table and the attributes in each table

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Collection of instructions and commands. Defines and describes data and relationships in a specific database

Data dictionary

Detailed description of data stored in the database

Concurrency control

Addresses situation where two or more users or applications access the same record at the same time

Selecting

Eliminating rows according to certain criteria

Projecting

Eliminating columns in a table

Joining

Combining two or more tables through common data attributes to create a new table

Data normalization

Eliminates data redundancy

SQL

A special-purpose programming language used for accessing and manipulating relational database data.

ACID properties

Properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) that guarantee relational database transactions are processed reliably and ensure the integrity of data in the database.

Data management

Integrated set of functions. Defines the processers by which data is obtained, certified fit for use, stored, secured, and processed. Ensures data accessibility, reliability, and timeliness meet the data users' needs.

Data governance

Defines roles, responsibilities, and processes. Ensures data can be trusted and used by the entire organization

Big data

Enormous data (terabytes or more) where traditional processes of dealing with them are incapable

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) systems

Traditionally used to capture data. Do not support data analysis required today

Data warehouse

Large database that holds business information from many sources in the enterprise.

Extract Transform Load (ETL) process

Edits and transforms data into a data warehouse format. Extracts data from a variety of sources and loads data into the warehouse

Data mart

Subset of a data warehouse. Used by small and medium-sized businesses and departments within large companies to support decision making.

Data lake

Takes a "store everything" approach to big data. Saves all data in its raw and unaltered form.

NoSQL database

Database modeled without using table relations. More flexible than relational databases and provides improved access speed. Uses horizontal scaling and does not conform to true ACID properties when processing transactions.

Key-value NoSQL databases

Database with two columns ("key" and "value")

Document NoSQL databases

Store, retrieve, and manage document-oriented information

Graph NoSQL databases

Database that is well-suited for analyzing interconnections

Column NoSQL databases

Database that stores data in columns

Hadoop

Open-source software framework that enables distributed parallel processing of huge amounts of data across many inexpensive computers.

Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)

A system used for data storage that divides the data into subsets and distributes the subsets onto different servers for processing.

Descriptive Analysis

Preliminary data processing stage that identifies data patterns. Includes 2 types: Visual Analytics and Regression Analysis. Answers questions: "Who, what, where, when, and to what extent."

Visual Analytics

Type of Descriptive Analysis that presents data graphically.

Word cloud

Visual depiction of a set of words where words are grouped together based on frequency of their occurrence

Conversion Funnel

A graphical representation that summarizes the steps a consumer takes in making the decision to buy your product and become a customer.

Regression Analysis

Type of Descriptive Analysis that determines the relationship b/w a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. Produces a regression equation

Predictive Analytics

Techniques to analyze current data that identifies future probabilities and trends.

Time Series Analysis

Uses statistical methods and analyzes time series data to extract meaningful statistics and characteristics.

Data mining

A BI analytics tool used to explore large amounts of data for hidden patterns to predict future trends and behaviors for use in decision making

Genetic Algorithm

An artificial intelligent system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem

Linear programming

Finds the optimum value of a linear expression calculated based on the value of a set of decision variables (variables subject to a set of contraints)

Scenario Analysis

Predicts future values based on certain potential events

Monte Carlo simulation

Provides a spectrum of thousands of possible outcomes. Considers the many variables involved and the range of potential values for each variable

Text analysis

Process for extracting value from large quantities of unstructured text data

Video analysis

Process of obtaining information or insights from video footage

Cloud Computing

Computing environment in which software and storage are provided as an Internet service and accessed with a Web browser

Benefits of public cloud computing

Reduced costs, flexible computing capacity, and increased redundancy in the event of disaster

Issues with public cloud computing

Complex pricing arrangements, wide variations in performance over time, inadequate data security, and vendor lock-in

Public Cloud Computing

A service provider owns and manages the infrastructure with cloud user organizations (tenants) accessing slices of shared hardware resources via the Internet

Private cloud computing environment

Single tenant cloud, organizations often implement due to concerns that their data will not be secure in a public cloud

Hybrid Cloud Computing

Composed of both private and public clouds integrated through a private network. Organizations typically use the public cloud to run applications w/ less sensitive security requirements but run more critical applications on the private cloud

Business benefits of IoT

1. Reduce costs to achieve a competitive advantage

2. Deepen the organization's understanding of consumer preferences and behaviors

3. Improve customer service and experience

4. Improve workplace safety

Types of IoT applications

1. Connect and monitor

2. Control and react

3. Predict and adapt

4. Transform and explore

Potential issues with Iot Applications

Many issues with the receipt and usability of sensor data, and security is a very major issue

E-commerce

Conducting business activities electronically over computer networks

Business-to-Business (B2B) E-commerce

A subset of e-commerce in which all the participants are organizations. Useful for connecting business partners in a virtual supply chain to cut resupply times and reduce costs

Business-to-Consumer (B2C) E-Commerce

A form of e-commerce in which customers deal directly with an organization and avoid intermediaries. Steady growth with cheaper goods and services online.

Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) E-Commerce

Involves electronic transactions b/w consumers facilitated by a third party (eBay, Etsy, ...). Sales must not violate the rules of various county, state, and country legal jurisdictions

E-Government

Use of information and communications technology to: simplify information sharing, speed formerly paper-based processes, and improve relationships b/w citizens & government

Government-to-consumer (G2C)

refers to the electronic commerce activities performed between a government and its citizens or consumers including paying taxes, registering vehicles, providing information and services, and so on.

Government-to-business (G2B) e-commerce

occurs when a government entity sells products and services to businesses

Government-to-government (G2G) e-commerce

e-commerce activities within a nation's government (can also refer to e-commerce activities between 2 or more nations' governments)

Mobile commerce (m-commerce)

electronic commerce transactions that are conducted with a mobile device

Advantages of E/M - Commerce

Conversion to an e- or m-commerce system enables organizations to:

- Reach new customers

- Reduce costs

- Speed the flow of goods and information

- Increase the accuracy of orders

- Improve customer service

How to attract customers to e-commerce

- Obtain and register a domain name

- Make your site search-engine friendly

Authentication technologies

Used by many organizations to confirm the identity of a user requesting access

Certificate authority (CA)

Trusted third-party organization or company that issues digital certificates