Functional Groups / Naming Organic Compounds

Ends in "-al"

Has one terminal carbonyl

Aldehyde

Aldehyde

Ends in "-one"

Has one intermediate carbonyl

Ketone

Ketone

Ends in "-ol"

Begins with "hydroxy-" (if paired w/ other functional group that alters ending)

Has one hydroxide branch

Alcohol

Alcohol

Ends in "-oic" + acid

Has a terminal carbonyl and hydroxide branch on the same carbon

Carboxylic Acid

Carboxylic Acid

Take alkyl name of chain & ends in "-amine"

Begins with "amino-" (if paired w/ other functional group that alters ending)

Has a terminal N group

Amine

Amine

Ends in "-amide"

Has a terminal N group and carbonyl branch on the same carbon

Amide

Amide

Formed by the combining of alcohol & carboxylic acid

Named by changing the alcohol name to ending "-yl" (replaces "an" as well) & changing acid name to ending "-oate" and dropping acid

Has an intermediate carbonyl & an O molecule interrupting the carbon chain

Ester

Ester

Broken into two (either side of the O)

- Shorter chain ends in "-oxy"

- Longer retains the name of the chain

Ether

Ether

Name= (alkane name + chain name)

Halogenoalkane

Halogenoalkane (chloromethane)

methane

1-carbon chain

ethane

2-carbon chain

propane

3-carbon chain

butane

4-carbon chain

pentane

5-carbon chain

Hexane

6-carbon chain

-ane

Carbon chain that contains only single bonds

-ene

Carbon chain that contains at least one double bond

-yne

Carbon chain that contains at least one triple bond

Drop "-ane" and replace with "-yl"

Alkyl names

cyclo-

The prefix if a carbon ring

1. Count longest carbon chain and name accordingly (including ane, ene, or yne for bond lengths)

2. Number functional groups (f.g.) to give the lowest set of numbers (the # of the C that they brach off of)

3. If more than one f.g., use a number prefix

4. Arrange in alphabetical order ignoring number prefixes, and always put chain name at the end.

5. If a hydrocarbon is in the functional group, then name ends in -yl (alkyl group)

6. Dashes between numbers and letters, commas between numbers.

IUPAC Naming steps

1. Aldehydes, Carboxylic Acid, and Amides (terminal endings)

2. Keytones

3. Double bond

4. Alkyls, halogenoalkanes, alcohols

Naming Hierarchy